Merkelige ting mellom himmel og jord

[Jostemikk]

Mye rart å spekulere på her, Joste. Jeg fant denne fra Cuzco i Peru, som ser ut til å vise en type steinbyggerkunst som er noe helt for seg selv.

Enig, Amatør1. Her er det virkelig mye å spekulere over. Jo flere som begynner å spekulere, jo bedre er det. Det vil plage et visst miljø helt grenseløst. En kan vel kanskje si en ting om dette, og det er at aldri har noen murere stått friere enn det bilder og videoer viser i denne tråden...

For å spekulere litt videre, så skulle jeg ønske at noen med kunnskap om frekvenser og resonans virkelig fant tid og mulighet til å forsøke finne ut av og studere arbeidet til folk som Tesla og Hutchison. Det er helt sikkert noen som har kontroll over dette, og det har de hatt svært lenge, men med den trusselen kunnskap for massene er for disse folkene, husk at vårt første ektepar ble kastet ut fra et visst sted fordi de søkte kunnskap, kan det virke som om noen har sett på det som en nødvendighet å holde oss uvitende. Kunnskap = makt. Kunnskapsløshet = kanonføde.

Annet å spekulere på er som jeg har nevnt tidligere mainstreams ut av Afrika-hypotese. Enten er den fullstendig gal, eller så må vi begynne å se med et helt annet og kritisk blikk i retning av en annen mainstream-påstand, teoriene til en viss grunnlegger av eugenikken. Han som var på studietur rundt hele kysten av Sør-Amerika, og utførte lengre studier på Galapagos. Et tredje alternativ finnes også, men tankene om dette holder jeg for meg selv.

Enn så lenge er det kanskje klokest å nøye seg med å konkludere med at noe er fullstendig råttent med historieforståelsen vår. Som Francis Bacon skrev i Hamlet: Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. Samme Bacon som høyst sannsynlig grunnla Rosenkorsordenen.

I det fjortende århundre kastet vikinger og skotter loss et sted ved vestkysten av Skottland og heiste seil. Styreplankene førte skipene med stø kurs mot Det lovede land. Ombord var kyndige nordboere med store kunnskaper om navigering, og kartene de seilte etter hadde gått i arv i generasjoner. Blant nordboerne fantes også runekyndige.

Blant skottene fantes menn som siden korsfarernes tid var bærere av dyp, forhistorisk kunnskap. Det var både murere og byggmestre blant dem.

Skal jeg skrive ei bok noen gang, vil den begynne omtrent slik. Bakgrunnen, vikingene og skottene, kommer det kanskje litt stoff om utover vinteren.

[Jostemikk]

Den amerikanske uavhengighetserklæringen og 4. juli som ellevill festdag en manifestasjon av fugl føniks?

Den fjerde juli 1776 underskrev USAs versjon av Eidsvollsmennene dokumentet som har fått navnet Uavhengighetserklæringen. Det er i hvertfall det vi har blitt lært til å tro. Følgende tre kolonier tilhørende det engelske kongeriket brøt ut:

Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, og Rhode Island.

John Adams, som senere skulle ble USAs 2. president, skrev i et brev til sin kone Abigail:

Den 2.(!) juli 1776 vil bli den mest minneverdige i Amerikas historie. Jeg er tilbøyelig til å tro at den vil bli feiret av kommende generasjoner som den store jubileumsfesten. Den burde bli høytidelig feiret som frigjøringsdagen ved alle offentlige høytider tilegnet vår Herre. Feiringen bør gjennomføres med pomp og prakt, underholdning, spill, sort, våpen, klokker og bål og lys fra den ene siden av kontinentet til den andre i all evighet.

Det spesielle her er at John Adams nevnte den 2. juli, ikke den 4. juli. Hva skjedde så den 2. juli 1776? Det var dagen da gruppen av amerikanske revolusjonister ble innbyrdes enige om å deklarere løsrivelse fra Englands krone. Hva så med selve underskrivelsen av Uavhengighetserklæringen?

Først en titt på dateringen på selve erklæringen, den som er årsaken til 4. juli-feiringen.



Ble den allikevel ikke underskrevet den 4. juli?

Historikere har i lang tid kranglet om dette, og mange tviler på at Kongressen faktisk underskrev erklæringen den 4. juli. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams og Benjamin Franklin skrev alle i ettertid at den ble underskrevet den 4. juli. Dette til tross, konkluderer de fleste historikere med at erklæringen først ble underskrevet den 2. august, ikke 4. juli som de fleste har trodd.

Det er også knyttet annet bemerkelsesverdig til 4. juli. To av de som underskrev uavhengighetserklæringen, John Adams og Thomas Jefferson, som begge senere ble presidenter, døde begge den 4. juli 1826, på 50-årsjubileet for erklæringen. Den senere presidenten James Monroe døde 4. juli 1831, og ble dermed den tredje strake presidenten som døde på samme dato. Den 30. presidenten, Calvin Coolidge, ble født 4. juli 1872.

Hva var årsaken til tilbakeskrivingen av tidspunktet til 4. juli, og hva er så spesielt med datoen?

Frimureriet hadde enorm betydning for den unge nasjonen, noe hovedstaden er et eksempel på. Ser man byen fra oven, er den nærmest en ABC i gamle symboler som er like viktige for både jøder og frimurere. Et eksempel synlig fra bakkenivå er Washingtonmonumentet.



Sett fra oven ved hjelp av Google Earth og noen røde streker, dukker denne opp, og spissen peker direkte på Det hvite hus:

[attachimg=1]

De røde strekene er tegnet inn mellom Logan-sirkelen til Washington-sirkelen, videre til Vernon-kvartalet og Dupont-sirkelen, derfra til Det hvite hus, før avslutningen tilbake til Logan-sirkelen. Resultatet er et opp/ned-pentagram, eller tetragrammaton:

https://www.google.no/search?q=Tetragrammaton&client=opera&hs=nNX&channel=suggest&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=1-KdUrDiE6fnywOz6IK4CQ&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=608

Jahve, Jehova, Jøde, Judea - velg på øverste hylle. Det viktige er å følge dette videre til hvorfor nettopp 4. juli var så viktig for USAs grunnlovsforfedre. Da går ferden til Jerusalem, året er 1187.

Saladin beseirer Tempelridderne under deres andre korstog

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, kjent i Vesten som Saladin, var den første sultanen av Egypt og Syria, og er først og fremst en viktig del av vår kjente historie fordi han påførte Tempelridderne et fullstendig nederlag i slaget ved Hattin i 1187. Dette markerte slutten på Korstogene, og datoen for slaget var 4. juli. Dette førte senere til at Jerusalem kom under kontroll av Saladin og muslimene, hvilket førte til et tredje og siste korstog, som var like blodig som mislykket. Muslimene åpnet senere Jerusalem for kristne pilegrimer.

Tempelriddere, jødisk mystisisme, frimureri, det spiller i denne sammenhengen lite rolle hva en kaller det. For å bruke en forslitt frase, så henger alt sammen med alt.

Det lovede land, det forjettede land - endelig kunne de hjemløse reise seg fra asken og verden fikk se Fugl Føniks stige til værs

Et håp nå er en økt forståelse av betydningen og bruken av symboler for disse kreftene, både de som er og blir vist i dette innlegget, og ikke minst de som dreier seg om ren naturfaglig vitenskap, noe jeg har tenkt å komme tilbake til en annen gang. Stor kunnskap er ført videre i generasjoner, og for noen var det nok en stor strek i regningen at utenforstående, så som Tempelridderne, skulle tilegne seg denne forbudte viten. Husk at de etter korstogene ble uhyre rike og mektige, og at mørke krefter så på dem som en stor trussel som de forsøkte fjerne både gjennom massedrap og infiltrasjon.

Kanskje er det også mye enklere å forstå de symbolene jeg bruker som avslutning på innlegget? Jeg håper det.

USAs 1 dollar-seddel:

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Novus Ordo Seclurum (den nye verden/verdensorden), og pyramiden med Horus' øye. Snur man den også opp ned, får man det de aller fleste kjenner som Davidstjernen. Legg merke til hvilke bokstaver spissene på trekantene peker på. Fra bunnen og med klokken: ONASM, MASON/Frimurer:

[attachimg=10]

George Washington i finstasen. På venstre side av bildet ser dere et av jødenes (og kristnes gjennom Gamletestamentet) og frimurernes viktigste symboler, den såkalte Jacobsstigen. Den hadde opprinnelig ikke noe med Jacob å gjøre i det hele tatt, men er som mye annet stjålet/omskrevet fra det som skjedde i Egypt og den gudetroen som var gjeldende der, hvor blant andre Isis benyttet den til å bevege seg mellom to verdener.

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USAs Great Seal:

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MI5 i England, e-tjenesten med finurlig logo der bokstaven i vises som den uttales, eye/øye:

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Rothschilddynastiets familievåpen, og legg merke til den judeiske løven og fugl føniks. Denne familien har i århundrer hatt en fullstendig dominans over bank- og finanssystemet (kredittsystemet), og verdens gullhandel. De ble også nevnt som den franske og engelske forbindelsen da The Federal Reserve ble etablert under uhyre hemmelighet på Jekyl Island for 100 år siden nå i år.

[attachimg=7]

Logoen til Federal Reserve:

[attachimg=8]

Beredskapsstyrken i Norge, Delta:

[attachimg=9]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelridderordenen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_mysticism

http://snl.no/det_forjettede_land

http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobsstige

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_pluribus_unum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beredskapstroppen

[Spiren]

Veldig spendende dokumentar

The Pyramid Code: High Level Technology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5BQZaYw90A

Især omkring 14.45 min. og  29.00 min. her omtales N. Tesla.

[Jostemikk]

Jostemikk:

Sjimpansene, vår påstått nærmeste slektning, så akkurat ut som en sjimpanse for svært lenge siden.

Har du noe dokumentasjon på dette?

Da Pål stilte dette spørsmålet, la jeg ved den dokumentasjonen jeg selv hadde forholdt meg til, tidligere forskning på området. Jeg kommenterte også at jeg ikke var sikker på at denne forskningen var god forskning.

Jo mer jeg har studert dette stoffet i ettertid, jo mer usikker har jeg blitt. Pål, jeg vet ikke sikkert hva du mente med spørsmålet ditt, men hvis du mente at dette med sjimpansenes tilsynelatende mangel på tilstedeværelse opp gjennom menneskets historie er vel verdt en ekstra titt, så er jeg enig med deg. Mente du noe annet, får du heller fortelle hva du hadde i tankene hvis du har lyst.

Det ser ut til at det er gigantiske hull i evolusjonsteorien. En mygg var en mygg for titalls millioner av år siden. En trebukk var en trebukk. En edderkopp var en edderkopp. Ei krokodille var og er ei krokodille. Bare primatene og menneskene ser ut til å ha en annen utvikling, og da i særdeleshet mennesket. Evolusjonsmessig gjorde vi plutselige kvantesprang, og da særlig når det gjelder hjerne, og muligens språk. Dette bykset vår hjerne gjorde noen titalls tusen år tilbake er noe som forundrer forskerne, så det er ikke noe jeg tar ut av løse luften. Det som derimot kan se ut til å ha dukket opp fra løse luften, er den hjernen vi har i dag. Ikke noe annet jeg kan komme på kan sammenlignes med dette. Ingen skapning har dukket opp fra havet og blitt landdyr. Ingen har gått motsatt vei, fra land til hav. Dyr, fisk og fugler lever og jakter, spiser og parrer seg, alle på tilsynelatende samme måte som for millioner av år siden.

Rav bekrefter deler av dette

Rav er fossil kvae, og dannes i havet. Prosessen er antatt å ta fra 30-50 millioner år. For 30-50 millioner år side var myggene mygger. Trebukkene var trebukker. Edderkoppene var edderkopper. Dette nevnte jeg over. Her er noen eksempler, der edderkoppen på jakt påståes å være 100 millioner år gammel:

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For så lenge siden som insektet, billen, og edderkoppen levde, fantes pr. paradigme intet menneske. Nå finnes store mengder indikasjoner på at dette ikke er aldeles korrekt, men det kommer an på hvordan man definerer begrepet menneske, og er noe jeg ikke tar videre i dette innlegget.

Hva skjedde den gang mennesket gikk fra å være en primitiv skapning til en intelligent skaper av språk, skrift, kultur, byer og blomstrende samfunn? Evolusjonsmessig, hvis vi skal bringe inn dette begrepet, skjedde forvandlingen på et blunk, ikke over millioner av år som Darwin mente ville trenges. Husk at jeg ikke kritiserer alt ved evolusjonsteorien, og jeg tar gjerne en debatt en dag om for eksempel begrepet survival of the fittest. Jeg er nemlig ikke så uenig i dette begrepet, selv om man ser ut til å ha glemt å ta med i beregningen at også survival of the lucky i stor grad kan spille inn. Hendelser kan forekomme her på jorda som gjør muligheten for en art å overleve helt umulig bare fordi de befant seg på feil sted til feil tid.

Så igjen, hva var det som fikk mennesket til å ta et kjempebyks fra halvt menneske/halv primat, til den skapningen vi er i dag, og hvorfor har intet videre skjedd etter dette? Mutasjon gjennom stråling fra kosmos? Kan dette i så fall forklare at vi, eller "vi" tilsynelatende dukket opp i mange forskjellige former omtrent samtidig, på like mange kontinenter/regioner? Dette siste blir heldigvis mer og mer akseptert blant dagens forskere, og jeg har skrevet noe om dette tidligere.

Hvis evolusjonsteorien er korrekt, burde den vel ha tatt høyde for hva som har skjedd med mennesket? Greit nok at Darwin ikke kunne vite hva vi vet i dag, men okke som er de faktiske hendelsene med oss som rase ødeleggende for deler av hans teorier. Hvordan kunne "vi" skjære ut granitt av steinbrudd for 10-20 tusen år siden på en måte som vi ikke klarer gjenskape i dag? Hvem var de hvis skallesuturer gjør at de mangler et av homo sapiens fingeravtrykk, det de kaller sagittal-skjøten?

Noe som også må fåes fram i lyset i forbindelse med dette, er hva som egentlig skjedde under yngre dryas og masseutryddelsen av megafaunaen. Mer og mer tyder på at det ikke bare var de store pattedyrene som forsvant på et blunk. Dette er også noe jeg vil komme tilbake til, men alle innspill mottas med stor takk.





http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav

http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_05_img0260.jpg

http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebukkar

http://amber-inclusions.dk/cerambycidae-1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(joint)

http://klimaforskning.com/forum/index.php/topic,1485.msg32955.html#msg32955

[Jostemikk]

Hva oldtidens historikere hadde å fortelle om Egypts historie

Dette innlegget kunne like gjerne vært lagt inn i Gloføkens Historietimen, men da det jeg vil fortelle her hele tiden har vært ment for denne tråden, og er ment som et lite skritt på veien mot illuminasjon, legger jeg det hit.

Den greske historikere Diodorus Siculus

Diodorus Siculus arbeidet i tiårene før Jesus fødsel, og var bemerkelsesverdig flink når det gjaldt å sitere kildene han benyttet. Her er et sitat fra noe av det han skrev:

At first 'gods and heroes' ruled Egypt for a little less than 18,000 years. The last of these was Horus, the son of Isis. After these came 470 native kings, of whom the first was Menes, before the time of the Macedonian and Persian rule, and also four Ethiopian kings and ive queens.

Mortals have been Kings of their country, they say, for a little less than 5,000 years.

The Ethiopians did not immediaately succeed each other, but at intervals, and their united reigns amounted to a little less than thirty-six years. "Of all these kings the priests have sketches in their holy books, handed down through successive generations from extreme antiquity, showing how tall each king was, what he was like, and what he accomplished in his reign."

Jeg har kommet med advarsel tidligere, og gjør det igjen. Det neste er ikke noe jeg skriver med glede, da det kan oppfattes sårende for enkelte i forbindelse med deres religiøse syn.

Isis=Jomfru Maria=Skjøgen Maria=Maria Magdalena. Så kan vel alle rimelig enkelt tenke ut hva Horus senere ble kalt. Det finnes flere biskoper og prester i Norge som er frimurere, og de som tviler på det jeg skriver oppfordres herved til å kontakte disse for å snakke med dem om dette stoffet. Leit at de har gitt taushetsløfte, for det betyr at de må lyve eller nekte å svare, men kanskje dere klarer å få presset et svar ut av dem? Spør gjerne i samme slengen hvorfor de står fram for menighetene sine og forteller noe de selv ikke tror på. Deres nye krav til kommende medlemmer er at man Tror på et høyerestående vesen.

Leser man videre i stoffet etter Diodorus Siculus, vil man finne at de historiske dateringene vi har blitt gitt av mainstream historikere/egyptologer for det første er riv, ruskende gale, og for det andre, at det finnes en grunn til at Bibelen peker på 6000 år som tiden siden menneskenes morgen. Jeg anbefaler alle å lese Gamletestamentet. Glem det dere har blitt fortalt, og les det som står der. Selv om det vi blir presentert er en revidert utgave, står det mer enn nok der til å få de fleste til å forstå vesentlig mer om vår historie. Særlig de klimainteresserte som undres over Yngre dryas bør ha mye å hente.

Dette er kunnskap korsfarerne, eller tempelridderne, tilegnet seg i Jerusalem for snaue 1000 år siden i kampene mot muslimene, og som ga dem fantastiske vitenskapelige kunnskaper, blant annet når det gjaldt økonomi. De etterlot seg voldsomt med tunneler under Tempelhøyden. Lederne til tempelridderne ble uhyre rike og mektige, og regnes på mange måter som grunnleggerne av bankvirksomheten i Europa. Så rike og mektige ble de at kirken ved Paven og deres royale løpegutter konspirerte for å drepe dem. Det ble kong Philip av Frankrike som fikk lederne arrestert 13. oktober 1307. De ble sporenstreks torturert og tvunget til å tilstå sin "brøde", og ble deretter brent på bålet.

The main reason given for the founding of the Order, to protect the pilgrim routes, does not bear any close examination whatsoever for the first ten or twelve years of the Order's existence. It would have been a physical impossibility for nine middle-aged knights to protect the dangerous route from Jaffa to Jerusalem from all the bandits and marauding infidels who believed that the pilgrims who provided such easy pickings, were a gift from God. The recorded actions of the knights make this an even more incredible scenario, for they did not patrol the dangerous roads of the Holy Land to protect the pilgrims, but spent nine years in the dangerous and demanding task of excavating and mining a series of tunnels under their quarters on the Temple Mount. These arduous tasks were completed with the patronage and support of the King of Jerusalem.

The tunnels mined by the Templars were re-excavated in 1867, by Lieutenant Warren of the Royal Engineers. The access tunnel descends vertically downwards for eighty feet through solid rock before radiating in a series of minor tunnels horizontally under the site of the ancient temple itself. Lieutenant Warren failed to find the hidden treasure of the Temple of Jerusalem, but in the tunnels excavated so laboriously by the Templars, they found a spur, remnants of a lance, a small Templar cross and the major part of a Templar sword. These artefacts are now preserved for posterity by the Templar archivist for Scotland, Robert Brydon of Edinburgh. Also in his keeping is a letter from a certain Captain Parker who took part in Warren's excavation under the Temple and several subsequent ones.

De klarte likevel ikke å utrydde tempelridderordenen, og en stund senere ble verden en gjeng frimurere "rikere". De forskjellige losjene ble en etter en infiltrert av de samme trojanske halvmongolene/khazarene som har galoppert inn i enhver regjering og nasjonalforsamling på den nordlige halvkule, og som snart kuppet hele bank- og pengesystemet som knuger verden den dag i dag. Disse halvmongolene kaller seg askenazi (askenasi), og i Tyskland ble de så mange at landet på Hebraisk etter hvert fikk navnet Ashkenaz.

Ved å skifte etternavn og å la seg døpe, flommet som nevnt over disse trojanske hestene inn i nasjon etter nasjon, og frimurerlosje etter frimurerlosje, regjering etter regjering, banksystemer, forlag, aviser og annet. De står for det som enkelt og greit er verdenshistoriens største svindel, og en del av denne svindelen er deres påstand om eierskap over palestinske landområder med henvisning til Bibelen. Dette i seg selv er av ledende forskere kalt en gigantisk, vitenskapelig svindel både historisk og når det gjelder påstand om genetisk dokumentasjon. Dette kommer jeg tilbake til i et senere innlegg, og jeg håper noen nå begynner å forstå litt av årsaken til at jeg så ofte har nevnt Balfourerklæringen, og har oppfordret alle til å jobbe seg bakover i tid fra denne, og siden framover helt til våre dager.

Alt dette er så direkte relatert til klimasvindelen og annen kriminell virksomhet som noe kan komme. Alt henger sammen med alt, som Gro Harlem Sandberg sa. Hun burde vite.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus

http://books.google.no/books?id=KbRTMZTnDBoC&lpg=PT31&ots=xL2hwaPnNh&dq=At%20first%20'gods%20and%20heroes'%20ruled%20Egypt%20for%20a%20little%20less%20than%2018%2C000%20years&pg=PT31#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngre_dryas

http://klimaforskning.com/forum/index.php/topic,137.msg30986.html#msg30986

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry

http://www.angelfire.com/il3/threehawks/images19/indextemplar.html

http://klimaforskning.com/forum/index.php/topic,99.msg33486.html#msg33486

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ashkenazi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration

[Jostemikk]

Da dagens askenasiske jøder ble til en gjeng sionister/bankoligarker/historieforfalskere av halvmongolsk avstamming, også kalt khazarer

Del 1

Dette innlegget viser at tildelingen av palestinske landområder til askenasiske khazarer i forbindelse med Balfourerklæringen (1917), senere ratifisert av FN gjennom resolusjon 181 den 29. november 1947, er en av verdenshistoriens største skandaler. Sionistene klarte gjennom sin navngjetne og beryktede lobbyisme å stjele land fra de ekte semittene (palestinerne, muslimene, kristne, samt sefardiske jøder bosatt i området), med tragiske konsekvenser for millioner av mennesker både i for- og ettertid.

Den israelske genforskeren Eran Elhaik, Ph.D: Dagens sionister og askenasi-jøder er khazarer, ikke semitter

Jeg legger ut hele publikasjonen, men kommer med en foreløpig oppsummering først. Historikere har i århundrer pekt på at flommen av europeiske jøder kom østfra etter Romerrikets fall, og at disse jødene var "jøder", nærmere bestemt khazarer fra Svartehavsområdet/Ukraina/Tyrkia som av bekvemmelighetshensyn hadde konvertert til judaismen. Dette steppefolket dannet således grunnlaget for det vi i dag kjenner som askenasi-jøder. Askenasi-jødene er selv svært opptatt av at de er nettopp askenasier, og slår man opp på oppslagsverk, finner man at alle nobelprisvinnere, statsministre, utenriksministre etc. etc. er askenasi-jøder. De sefardiske jødene som i dag bor i Israel uttrykker selv at de lever under apharteid-forhold, altså at de blir undertrykket, og dette er noe de deler med andre minoriteter i dagens Israel.

Dette betyr at dagens jøder i Europa i det store og hele ikke er semitter, og således ikke kan påberope seg noen rett til å beskylde berettiget kritikk av dem å komme fra anti-semitter. De egentlige antisemittene er i dag askenasi-jødene selv.

Ikke bare viser genforskningen at dette er korrekt, men som nevn også historieforskningen. Blant den forskningen finnes en ny publikasjon skrevet av en jøde fra Israel, og han sier at dagens jøder er oppfunnet. Dette kommer jeg tilbake til i del 2.

Hele sionistbevegelsen ble bygget opp av de askenasi-jødiske bankoligarkene i Europa og USA. Konsekvensen av dette har jeg skrevet mye om tidligere, men vil etter hvert komme med en fullstendig oppsummering.

Eran Elhaik, Ph.D

Genetic Epidemiology, Population Genetics, and Molecular Evolution

TheMissing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses

Eran Elhaik1,2,*
1Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
*Corresponding author: E-mail: eelhaik@jhsph.edu.
Accepted: December 5, 2012

Abstract

The question of Jewish ancestry has been the subject of controversy for over two centuries and has yet to be resolved. The "Rhineland Hypothesis" depicts Eastern European Jews as a "population isolate" that emerged from a small group of German Jews who migrated eastward and expanded rapidly. Alternatively, the "Khazarian Hypothesis" suggests that Eastern European Jew descended from the Khazars, an amalgam of Turkic clans that settled the Caucasus in the early centuries CE and converted to Judaism in the 8th century. Mesopotamian and Greco-Roman Jews continuously reinforced the Judaized Empire until the 13th century. Following the collapse of their empire, the Judeo-Khazars fled to Eastern Europe. The rise of European Jewry is therefore explained by the contribution of the Judeo-Khazars. Thus far, however, the Khazar's contribution has been estimated only empirically, as the absence of genome-wide data from Caucasus populations precluded testing the Khazarian Hypothesis. Recent sequencing of modern Caucasus populations prompted us to revisit the Khazarian Hypothesis and compare it with the Rhineland Hypothesis. We applied a wide range of population genetic analyses to compare these two hypotheses. Our findings support the Khazarian Hypothesis and portray the European Jewish genome as a mosaic of Caucasus, European, and Semitic ancestries, thereby consolidating  previous contradictory reports of Jewish ancestry. We further describe major difference among Caucasus populations explained by early presence of Judeans in the Southern and Central Caucasus. Our results have important implications on the demographic forces that shaped the genetic diversity in the Caucasus and medical studies.

Key words: Jewish genome, Khazars, Rhineland, Ashkenazi Jews, population isolate, Eastern European Jews, Central European Jews, population structure.

Introduction

Contemporary Eastern European Jews comprise the largest ethno-religious aggregate of modern Jewish communities, accounting for approximately 90% of over 13 million Jews worldwide (Ostrer 2001). Speculated to have emerged from a small Central European founder group and thought to have maintained high endogamy, Eastern European Jews are considered a "population isolate" and invaluable subjects in disease studies (Carmeli 2004), although their ancestry remains debatable between geneticists, historians, and linguists (Wexler 1993; Brook 2006; Sand 2009; Behar et al. 2010). Recently, several large-scale studies have attempted to chart the genetic diversity of Jewish populations by genotyping Eurasian Jewish and non-Jewish populations (Conrad et al. 2006; Kopelman et al. 2009; Behar et al. 2010). Interestingly, some of these studies linked Caucasus populations with Eastern European Jews, at odds with the narrative of a Central European founder group. Because correcting for population structure and using suitable controls are critical in medical studies, it is vital to examine the hypotheses purporting to explain the ancestry of Eastern and Central European Jews. One of the major challenges for any hypothesis is to explain the massive presence of Jews in Eastern Europe, estimated at eight million people at the beginning of the 20th century. We investigate the genetic structure of European Jews, by applying a wide range of analyses—including three population test, principal component, biogeographical origin, admixture, identity by descent (IBD), allele sharing distance, and uniparental analyses—and test their veracity in light of the two dominant hypotheses depicting either a sole Middle Eastern ancestry or a mixed Middle Eastern–Caucasus–European ancestry to explain the ancestry of Eastern European Jews.

The Author(s) 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The "Rhineland hypothesis" envisions modern European Jews to be the descendents of the Judeans—an assortment of Israelite–Canaanite tribes of Semitic origin (figs. 1 and 2) (supplementary note S1, Supplementary Material online). It proposes two mass migratory waves: the first occurred over the 200 years following theMuslim conquest of Palestine (638 CE) and consisted of devoted Judeans who left Muslim Palestine for Europe (Dinur 1961). Whether these migrants joined the existing Judaized Greco–Roman communities is unclear, as is the extent of their contribution to the Southern European gene pool. The second wave occurred at the beginning of the 15th century by a group of 50,000 German Jews who migrated eastward and ushered an apparent hyperbaby-boom era for half a millennium (Atzmon et al. 2010). The Rhineland hypothesis predicts a Middle Eastern ancestry to European Jews and high genetic similarity among European Jews (Ostrer 2001; Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010).

The competing "Khazarian hypothesis" considers Eastern European Jews to be the descendants of Khazars (supplementary note S1, Supplementary Material online). The Khazars were a confederation of Slavic, Scythian, Hunnic–Bulgar, Iranian, Alans, and Turkish tribes who formed in the central–northern Caucasus one of most powerful empires during the late Iron Age and converted to Judaism in the 8th century CE (figs. 1 and 2) (Polak 1951; Brook 2006; Sand 2009). The Khazarian, Armenian, and Georgian populations forged from this amalgamation of tribes (Polak 1951) were followed by relative isolation, differentiation, and genetic drift in situ (Balanovsky et al. 2011). Biblical and archeological records allude to active trade relationships between Proto-Judeans and Armenians in the late centuries BCE (Polak 1951; Finkelstein and Silberman 2002), that likely resulted in a small scale admixture between these populations and a Judean presence in the Caucasus. After their conversion to Judaism, the population structure of the Judeo–Khazars was further reshaped by multiple migrations of Jews from the Byzantine Empire and Caliphate to the Khazarian Empire (fig. 1). Following the collapse of their empire and the Black Death (1347–1348) the Judeo–Khazars fled westward (Baron 1993), settling in the rising Polish Kingdom and Hungary (Polak 1951) and eventually spreading to Central and Western Europe. The Khazarian hypothesis posits that European Jews are comprised of Caucasus, European, and Middle Eastern ancestries. Moreover, European Jewish communities are expected to be different from one another both in ancestry and genetic heterogeneity. The Khazarian hypothesis also offers two explanations for the genetic diversity in Caucasus groups first by the multiple migration waves to

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FIG. 1.—Map of Eurasia. A map of Khazaria and Judah is shown with the state of origin of the studied groups. Eurasian Jewish and non-Jewish populations used in all analyses are shown in square and round bullets, respectively (supplementary table S3, Supplementary Material online). The major migrations that formed Eastern European Jewry according to the Khazarian and Rhineland hypotheses are shown in yellow and brown, respectively.

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FIG. 2.—An illustrated timeline for the relevant historical events. The horizontal dashed lines represent controversial historical events explained by the different hypotheses, whereas solid black lines represent undisputed historical events.

Khazaria during the 6th–10th centuries and second by the Judeo–Khazars who remained in the Caucasus. Genetic studies attempting to infer the ancestry of European Jews yielded inconsistent results. Some studies pointed to the genetic similarity between European Jews and Caucasus populations like Adygei (Behar et al. 2003; Levy-Coffman 2005; Kopelman et al. 2009), whereas some pointed to the similarity to Middle Eastern populations such as Palestinians (Hammer et al. 2000; Nebel et al. 2000), and others pointed to the similarity to Southern European populations like Italians (Atzmon et al. 2010; Zoossmann-Diskin 2010). Most of these studies were done in the pregenomewide era using uniparental markers and including different reference populations, which makes it difficult to compare their results. More recent studies employing whole genome data reported high genetic similarity of European Jews to Druze, Italian, and Middle Eastern populations (Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010).

Although both the Rhineland and Khazarian hypotheses depict a Judean ancestry and are not mutually exclusive, they are well distinguished, as Caucasus and Semitic populations are considered ethnically and linguistically distinct (Patai and Patai 1975; Wexler 1993; Balanovsky et al. 2011). Jews, according to either hypothesis, are an assortment of tribes who accepted Judaism, migrated elsewhere, and maintained their religion up to this date and are, therefore, expected to exhibit certain differences from their neighboring populations. Because both hypotheses posit that Eastern European Jews arrived at Eastern Europe roughly at the same time (13th and 15th centuries), we assumed that they experienced similar low and fixed admixture rates with the neighboring populations, estimated at 0.5% per generation over the past 50 generations (Ostrer 2001). These relatively recent admixtures have likely reshaped the population structure of all European Jews and increased the genetic distances from the Caucasus or Middle Eastern populations. Therefore,we do not expect to achieve perfect matching with the surrogate Khazarian and Judean populations but rather to estimate their relatedness.

Materials and Methods

Data Collection

The complete data set contained 1,287 unrelated individuals of 8 Jewish and 74 non-Jewish populations genotyped over 531,315 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A linkage disequilibrium (LD)-pruned data set was created by removing one member of any pair of SNPs in strong LD (r2>0.4) in windows of 200 SNPs (sliding the window by 25 SNPs at a time) using indep-pairwise in PLINK (Purcell et al. 2007). This yielded a total of 221,558 autosomal SNPs that were chosen for all autosomal analyses except the identical by descent (IBD) analysis that utilized the complete data set. Both data sets were obtained from http://www.evolutsioon.ut.ee/ MAIT/jew_data/ (last accessed December 19, 2012) (Behar et al. 2010). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Ychromosomal data were obtained from previously published data sets as appeared in Behar et al. (2010). These markers were chosen to match the phylogenetic level of resolution achieved in previously reported data sets and represent a diversified set of markers. A total of 11,392 samples were assembled for mtDNA (6,089) and Y-hromosomal (5,303) analyses from 27 populations (supplementary tables S1 and S2, Supplementary Material online).

Terminology

In common parlance, Eastern and Central European Jews are practically synonymous with Ashkenazi Jews and are considered a single entity (Tian et al. 2008; Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010). However, the term is misleading, for the Hebrew word "Ashkenaz" was applied to Germany in medieval rabbinical literature—contributing to the narrative that modern Eastern European Jewry originated on the Rhine. We thus refrained from using the term "Ashkenazi Jews." Jews were roughly subdivided into Eastern (Belorussia, Latvia, Poland, and Romania) and Central (Germany, Netherlands, and Austria) European Jews. In congruence with the literature that considers "Ashkenazi Jews" distinct from "Sephardic Jews," we excluded the later. Complete population notation is described in supplementary table S3, Supplementary Material online.

Choice of Surrogate Populations

As the ancient Judeans and Khazars have been vanquished and their remains have yet to be sequenced, in accordance with previous studies (Levy-Coffman 2005; Kopelman et al. 2009; Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010), contemporary Middle Eastern and Caucasus populations were used as surrogates. Palestinians were considered proto-Judeans because they are assumed to share a similar linguistic, ethnic, and geographic background with the Judeans and were shown to share common ancestry with European Jews (Bonne´ -Tamir and Adam 1992; Nebel et al. 2000; Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010). Similarly, Caucasus Georgians and Armenians were considered proto-Khazars because they are believed to have emerged from the same genetic cohort as the Khazars (Polak 1951; Dvornik 1962; Brook 2006).

The Three Population Test

The f3 statistics uses allele frequency differences to assess the presence of admixture in a population X from two other populations A and B, so that f3(X; A, B) (Reich et al. 2009). If X is a mixture of A and B, rather than the result of genetic drift, f3 would be negative. A significant negative f3 indicates that the ancestors of group X experienced a history of admixture subsequent to their divergence from A and B. The f3 statistics were calculated with the threepop program of TreeMix (Pickrell and Pritchard 2012) with k¼500 over the set of 221,558 SNPs. This test differs from ADMIXTURE (Alexander et al. 2009), which reports the proportions of admixture with the most likely ancestor.

Principal Component Analysis

Although the commonly used "multipopulation" principal component analysis (PCA) has many attractive properties, it should be practiced with caution to avoid biases due to the choice of populations and varying sample sizes (Price et al. 2006; McVean 2009). To circumvent these biases, we developed a simple "dual population" framework consisting of three "outgroup" populations that are available in large sample sizes and are the least admixed—Mbuti and Biaka Pygmies (South Africa), French Basques (Europe), and Han Chinese (East Asia)—and two populations of interest, all of equal sample sizes. The cornerstone of this framework is that it minimizes the number of significant PCs to four or fewer (Tracy-Widom test, P<0.01) and maximizes the portion of explained variance to over 20% for the first two PCs. PCA calculations were carried out using smartpca of the EIGENSOFT package (Patterson et al. 2006). Convex hulls were calculated usingMatlab "convhull" function and plotted around the cluster centroids. Relatedness between two populations of interest was estimated by the commensurate overlap of their clusters. Small populations (<7 samples) were excluded from the analysis.

Estimating the Biogeographical Origins of Population

Novembre et al. (2008) proposed a PCA-based approach, accurate to a few hundred kilometers within Europe, to identify the current biogeographical origin of a population. Although this approach has no implied historical model, it correlates genetic diversity with geography and can thus be a useful tool to study biogeography. To decrease the bias caused by multiple populations of uneven sizes (Patterson et al. 2006; McVean 2009), we adopted the dual-population framework with three outgroup populations and two populations of interest: a population of known geographical origin during the relevant time period shown to cluster with the population in question (e.g., Armenians) and the population in question (e.g., Eastern European Jews). The first four populations were used as a training set for the population in question. PCA calculations were carried out as described earlier. The rotation angle of PC1–PC2 coordinates was calculated as described by Novembre et al. (2008). Briefly, in each figure the PC axes were rotated to find the angle that maximizes the summed correlation of the median PC1 and PC2 values of the training populations with the latitude and longitude of their countries. Latitudinal and longitudinal data were obtained from the literature or by the country's approximate centroid. Geodesic distances were calculated in kilometers using the Matlab function "distance."

Admixture Analysis

A structure-like approach was applied in a supervised learning mode as implemented in ADMIXTURE (Alexander et al. 2009). ADMIXTURE provides an estimation of the individual's ancestries from the allele frequencies of the designated ancestral populations. ADMIXTURE's bootstrapping procedure with default parameters was used to calculate the standard errors. We observed low (<0.05) standard errors in all our analyses. With the exception of Southern Europeans, populations were sorted by their mean African and Asian ancestries. In this analysis, the three Netherland Jews were grouped with Eastern European Jews.

IBD Analysis

To detect IBD segments, we ran fastIBD 10 times using different random seeds and combined the results as described by Browning and Browning (2011). Segments were considered to be IBD only if the fastIBD score of the combined analysis was less than e–10. This low threshold corresponds to long shared haplotypes (1 cM) that are likely to be IBD. Short gaps (<50 indexes) separating long domains were assumed to be false-negative and concatenated (Browning and Browning 2011). Pairwise-IBD segments between European Jews and different populations were obtained by finding the maximum total IBD sharing between each European Jew and all other individuals of a particular population.

Allele Sharing Distances

Allele sharing distances (ASD) was used for measuring genetic distances between populations as it is less sensitive to small sample sizes than other methods. Pairwise ASD was calculated using PLINK (Purcell et al. 2007), and the average ASD between populations I and J, was computed as

[attachimg=3]

where Wij is the distance between individuals i and j from populations I and J of sizes n and m, respectively. To verify that these ASD differences are significant, a bootstrap approach was used with the null hypothesis: H0: ASD (p1, p2)¼ASD (p1, p3), where the ASD between populations p1 and p2 is compared with the ASD between populations p2 and p3 (supplementary note S2, Supplementary Material online). To compare continental Jewish communities, individuals were grouped by their continent and the comparison was carried as described.

Uniparental Analysis

To infer the migration patterns of European Jews, we integrated haplogroup data from over 11,300 uniparental chromosomes with geographical data. The haplogroup frequencies were compared between populations to obtain a measure of distance between populations. Pairwise genetic distances between population haplogroups (supplementary tables S1 and S2, Supplementary Material online) were estimated by applying the Kronecker function as implemented in Arlequin version 3.1 (Excoffier et al. 2005). In brief, similarity between populations was defined as the fraction of I haplogroups that the two populations shared as measured by the Kronecker function dxy(i):

[attachimg=4]

which equals 1 if the haplogroup frequency of the ith haplogroup is nonzero for both populations and equals 0 otherwise. In other words, populations sharing the same exact haplogroups or their mutual absence are considered more genetically similar than populations with different haplogroups. For brevity, we considered only haplogroups with frequencies higher than 0.5%. This measure has several desirable properties that make it an excellent measure for estimating genetic distance between populations, such as a simple interpretation in terms of homogeneity and applicability to both mtDNA and Y- chromosomal data.

Results

To confirm that the Rhineland and Khazarian hypotheses indeed portray distinct ancestries, we assessed the degree of background admixture between Caucasus and Semitic populations. We calculated the f3 statistics between Palestinians and six Caucasus and Eurasian populations using African San as an outgroup, for example, f3(Palestinians, San, Armenians). The f 3 results for Turks (–0.0013), Armenians and Georgians (–0.0019), Lezgins and Adygei (–0.0015), and Russians (–0.0011) indicated a minor but significant admixture (–26<Z-score<–13) between Palestinians and the populations tested. Because Armenians and Georgians diverged from Turks 600 generations ago (Schonberg et al. 2011), we can assume that the lion's share of their admixture derived from that ancestry and within the expected levels of background admixture typical to the region rather than recent admixture with Semitic populations. Therefore, similarities between European Jews and Caucasus populations will unlikely be due to a shared Semitic ancestry. PCA was next used to identify independent dimensions that capture most of the information in the data. PCA was applied using two frameworks: the "multipopulation" carried for all populations (fig. 3) and separately for Eurasian populations along with Pygmies and Han Chinese (supplementary fig. S2, Supplementary Material online) and our novel "dualpopulation" framework (supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online). In all analyses, the studied samples aligned along the two well-established geographic axes of global genetic variation: PC1 (sub-Saharan Africa vs. the rest of the Old World) and PC2 (east vs. west Eurasia) (Li et al. 2008). Our results reveal geographically refined groupings, such as the nearly symmetrical continuous European rim extending from Western to Eastern Europeans, the parallel

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FIG. 3.—Scatter plot of all populations along the first two principal components. For brevity, we show only the populations relevant to this study. The inset magnifies Eurasian and Middle Eastern individuals. Each letter code corresponds to one individual (supplementary table S3, Supplementary Material online). A polygon surrounding all of the individual samples belonging to a group designation highlights several population groups.

Caucasus rim, and the Near Eastern populations (supplementary fig. S1, Supplementary Material online) organized in Turk–Iranian and Druze clusters (fig. 3). Middle Eastern populations form a gradient along the diagonal line between Bedouins and Near Eastern populations that resembles their geographical distribution. The remaining Egyptians and the bulk of Saudis distribute separately from Middle Eastern populations. European Jews are expected to cluster with native Middle Eastern or Caucasus populations according to the Rhineland or Khazarian hypotheses, respectively. The results of all PC analyses (fig. 3, supplementary figs. S2 and S3, Supplementary Material online) show that over 70% of European Jews and almost all Eastern

European Jews cluster with Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani Jews within the Caucasus rim (fig. 3 and supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online). Approximately 15% of Central European Jews cluster with Druze and the rest cluster with Cypriots. All European Jews cluster distinctly from the Middle Eastern cluster. Strong evidence for the Khazarian hypothesis is the clustering of European Jews with the populations that reside on opposite ends of ancient Khazaria: Armenians, Georgians, and Azerbaijani Jews (fig. 1). Because Caucasus populations remained relatively isolated in the Caucasus region and because there are no records of Caucasus populations mass-migrating to Eastern and Central Europe prior to the fall of Khazaria(Balanovsky et al. 2011), these findings imply a shared origin for European Jews and Caucasus populations.

To assess the ability of our PCA-based approach to identify the biogeographical origins of a population, we first sought to identify the biogeographical origin of Druze. The Druze religion originated in the 11th century, but the people's origins remain a source of much confusion and debate (Hitti 1928). We traced Druze biogeographical origin to the geographical coordinates: 38.6± 3.45 N, 36.25±1.41 E (supplementary fig. S4, Supplementary Material online) in the Near East (supplementary fig. S1, Supplementary Material online). Half of the Druze clustered tightly in Southeast Turkey, and the remaining were scattered along northern Syria and Iraq. These results are in agreement with the findings of Shlush et al. (2008) using mtDNA analysis. The inferred geographical positions of Druze were used in the subsequent analyses.

The geographical origins of European Jews varied for different reference populations (fig. 4 and supplementary fig. S5, Supplementary Material online), but all the results converged to Southern Khazaria along modern Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. Eastern European Jews clustered tightly compared with Central European Jews in all analyses.

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FIG. 4.—Biogeographical origin of European Jews. First two principal components were calculated for Pygmies, French Basques, Han Chinese (black), Armenians (blue), and Eastern or Central European Jews (red)—all of equal size. PCA was calculated separately for Eastern and Central European Jews and the results were merged. Using the first four populations as a training set, Eastern (squares) and Central (circles) European Jews were assigned to geographical locations by fitting independent linear models for latitude and longitude as predicted by PC1 and PC2. Each shape represents an individual. Major cities are marked in cyan.

The smallest deviations in the geographical coordinates were obtained with Armenians for both Eastern (38 ±2.7 N, 39.9±0.4 E) and Central (35±5 N, 39.7 ±1.1 E) European Jews (fig. 4). Similar results were obtained for Georgians (supplementary fig. S5, Supplementary Material online). Remarkably, the mean coordinates of Eastern European Jews are 560 km from Khazaria's southern border (42.77 N, 42.56 E) near Samandar—the capital city of Khazaria from 720 to 750 CE (Polak 1951).

The duration, direction, and rate of gene flow between populations determine the proportion of admixture and the total length of chromosomal segments that are identical by descent. Admixture calculations were carried out using a supervised learning approach in a structure-like analysis. This approach has many advantages over the unsupervised approach that not only traces ancestry to K abstract unmixed populations under the assumption that they evolved independently (Chakravarti 2009; Weiss and Long 2009) but also is problematic when applied to study Jewish ancestry, which can be dated only as far back as 3,000 years (fig. 2). Moreover, the results of the unsupervised approach vary based on the particular populations used for the analysis and the choice of K, rendering the results incomparable between studies. Admixture was calculated with a reference set of seven populations representing largely genetically distinct regions: Pygmies (South Africa), Palestinians (Middle East), Armenians (Caucasus), Turk–Iranians (Near East), French Basque (West Europe), Chuvash (East Europe), and Han Chinese (East Asia) (fig. 5). The ancestral components grouped all populations by their geographical regions with European Jews clustering with Caucasus populations. As expected, Eastern and WesternEuropean ancestries exhibit opposite gradients among European populations. The Near Eastern–Caucasus ancestries are dominant among Central (38%) and Eastern (32%) European Jews followed by Western European ancestry (30%). Among non-Caucasus populations, the Caucasus ancestry is the largest among European Jews (26%) and Cypriots (31%). These populations also exhibit the largest fraction of Middle Eastern ancestry among non–Middle Eastern populations. As both Caucasus and Middle Eastern ancestries are absent in Eastern European populations, our findings suggest that Eastern European Jews acquired these ancestries prior to their arrival to Eastern Europe. Although the Rhineland hypothesis explains the Middle Eastern ancestry by stating that Jews migrated from Palestine to Europe in the 7th century, it fails to explain the large Caucasus ancestry, which is nearly endemic to Caucasus populations.

Although they cluster with Caucasus populations (fig. 5), Eastern and Central European Jews share a large fraction of Western European andMiddle Eastern ancestries, both absent in Caucasus populations. According to the Khazarian hypothesis, the Western European ancestrywas imported to Khazaria by Greco–Roman Jews, whereas the Middle Eastern ancestry alludes to the contribution of both early Israelite Proto-Judeans as well as Mesopotamian Jews (Polak 1951; Koestler 1976; Sand 2009). Central and Eastern European Jews differ mostly in their Middle Eastern (30% and 25%, respectively) and Eastern European ancestries (3% and 12%, respectively), probably due to late admixture.

Druze exhibits a large Turk–Iranian ancestry (83%) in accordance with their Near Eastern origin (supplementary fig. S4, Supplementary Material online). Druze and Cypriot

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FIG. 5.—Admixture analysis of European, Caucasus, Near Eastern, and Middle Eastern populations. The x axis represents individuals from populations sorted according to their ancestries and arrayed geographically roughly from North to South. Each individual is represented by a vertical stacked column (100%) of color-coded admixture proportions of the ancestral populations.

appear similar to European Jews in their Middle Eastern and Western European ancestries, though they differ largely in the proportion of Caucasus ancestry. These results can explain the genetic similarity between European Jews, Southern Europeans, and Druze reported in studies that excluded Caucasus populations (Price et al. 2008; Atzmon et al. 2010; Zoossmann-Diskin 2010). Overall, our results portray the European Jewish genome as a mosaic of Near Eastern-Caucasus, Western European, Middle Eastern, and Eastern European ancestries in decreasing proportions.

To glean further details of the genomic regions contributing to the genetic similarity between European Jews and the perspective populations, we compared their total genomic regions shared by IBD. If European Jews emerged from Caucasus populations, the two would share longer IBD regions than with Middle Eastern populations. The IBD analysis exhibits a skewed bimodal distribution embodying a major Caucasus ancestry with a minor Middle Eastern ancestry (fig. 6), consistent with the admixture results (fig. 5). The total IBD regions shared between European Jews and Caucasus populations (9.5cM on average) are significantly larger than regions shared with Palestinians (5.5 cM) (Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, P<0.001). To the best of our knowledge, these are the largest IBD regions ever reported between European Jews and non- jewish populations. The decrease in total IBD between European Jews and other populations combined with the increase in distance from the Caucasus support the Khazarian hypothesis.

We next estimated the level of endogamy among Eurasian Jewish communities and compared their genetic distances with non-Jewish neighbors, Caucasus, and Middle Eastern populations.Our results expand the previous report of high endogamy in Jewish populations (Behar et al. 2010) and narrow the endogamy to regional Jewish communities (table 1, left panel). Jews are significantly more similar to members of their own community than to other Jewish populations (P<0.01, bootstrap t test), with the conspicuous exception of Bulgarian, Turkish, and Georgian Jews. These results stress the high heterogeneity among Jewish communities across Eurasia and even within communities, as in the case of the Balkan and Caucasus Jews.

When compared with non-Jewish populations, all Jewish communities were significantly (P<0.01, bootstrap t test) distant from Middle Eastern populations and, with the exception of Central European Jews, significantly closer to Caucasus populations (table 1, right panel). Similar findings were

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FIG. 6.—Proportion of total IBD sharing between European Jews and different populations. Populations are sorted by decreasing distance from the Caucasus. The maximal IBD between each European Jew and an individual from each population are summarized in box plots. Lines pass through the mean values.

reported by Behar et al. (2010) although they were dismissed as "a bias inherent in our calculations." However, we found no such bias. The close genetic distance between Central European Jews and Southern European populations can be attributed to a late admixture. The results are consistent with our previous findings in support of the Khazarian hypothesis. As the only commonality among all Jewish communities is their dissimilarity from Middle Eastern populations (table 1, right panel), grouping different Jewish communities without correcting for their country of origin, as is commonly done, would increase their genetic heterogeneity.

Finally, we carried uniparental analyses on mtDNA and Y-chromosome comparing the haplogroup frequencies between European Jews and other populations. The Rhineland hypothesis depicts Middle Eastern origins for European Jews' paternal andmaternal ancestries both, whereas the Khazarian hypothesis depicts a Caucasus ancestry along with Southern European and Near Eastern contributions of migrates from Byzantium and the Caliphate, respectively. Because Judaism was maternally inherited only since the 3rd century CE (Patai and Patai 1975), the mtDNA is expected to show a stronger local female-biased founder effect compared with the Y-chromosome. Haplogroup similarities between European Jews and other populations were plotted as heat maps on the background of their geographical locations (fig. 7). The pairwise distances between all studied populations are shown in supplementary fig. S6, Supplementary Material online.

Our results shed light on sex-specific processes that, although not evident from the autosomal data, are analogous to those obtained from the biparental analyses. Both mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses yield high similarities between European Jews and Caucasus populations rooted in the Caucasus (fig. 7) in support of the Khazarian hypothesis. Interestingly, the maternal analysis depicts a specific Caucasus founding lineage with a weak Southern European ancestry (fig. 7A), whereas the paternal ancestry reveals a dual Caucasus–Southern European origin (fig. 7B). As expected, the maternal ancestry exhibits a higher relatedness scale with narrow dispersal compared with the paternal ancestry.

Dissecting uniparental haplogroups allows us to delve further into European Jews' migration routes. As the results do not specify whether the Southern Europe–Caucasusmigration was ancient or recent nor indicate the migration's direction, that is, from Southern Europe to the Caucasus or the opposite, there are four possible scenarios. Of these, the only historically supportable scenarios are ancient migrations from Southern Europe toward Khazaria (6th–13th centuries) and more recent migrations from the Caucasus to Central and Southern Europe (13th–15th centuries) (Polak 1951; Patai and Patai 1975; Straten 2003; Brook 2006; Sand 2009). A westward migration from the diminished Khazaria toward Central and Southern Europe would have exhibited a gradient from the Caucasus toward Europe for both matrilineal and patrilineal lines. Such a gradient was not observed. By contrast, Judaized Greco–Roman male-driven migration directly to Khazaria is consistent with historical demographic migrations and could have created the observed pattern. Moreover, we found little genetic similarity between European Jews and populations

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eastward to the Caspian Sea and southward to the Black Sea, delineating the geographical boundaries of Khazaria (table 1 and fig. 1).

Discussion

Eastern and Central European Jews comprise the largest group of contemporary Jews, accounting for approximately 90% of over 13 million worldwide Jews. Eastern European Jews made up over 90% of European Jews before World War II. Despite their controversial ancestry, European Jews are an attractive group for genetic and medical studies due to their presumed genetic history (Ostrer 2001). Correcting for population structure and using suitable controls are critical in medical studies, thus it is vital to determine whether European Jews are of Semitic, Caucasus, or other ancestry.

Though Judaism was born encased in theological–historical myth, no Jewish historiography was produced from the time of Josephus Flavius (1st century CE) to the 19th century (Sand 2009). Early historians bridged the historical gap simply by linking modern Jews directly to the ancient Judeans (fig. 2), a paradigm that was later embedded in medical science and crystallized as a narrative.Many have challenged this narrative (Koestler 1976; Straten 2007), mainly by showing that a sole Judean ancestry cannot account for the vast population of Eastern European Jews in the beginning of the 20th century without the major contribution of Judaized Khazars and by demonstrating that it is in conflict with anthropological, historical, and genetic evidence (Patai and Patai 1975; Baron 1993; Sand 2009).

With uniparental and whole genome analyses providing ambiguous answers (Levy-Coffman 2005; Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010), the question of European Jewish ancestry remained debated mainly between the supporters of the Rhineland and Khazarian hypotheses. Although both theories oversimplify complex historical processes they are attractive due to their distinct predictions and testable hypotheses. We showed that the hypotheses are also genetically distinct and that the miniscule Semitic ancestry in Caucasus populations cannot account for the similarity between European Jews and Caucasus populations. The recent availability of genomic data from Caucasus populations allowed testing the Khazarian hypothesis for the first time and prompted us to contrast it with the Rhineland hypothesis. To evaluate the two hypotheses, we carried out a series of comparative analyses between European Jews and surrogate Khazarian and Judean populations posing the same question each time: are Eastern and Central European Jews genetically closer to Khazarian or Judean populations? Under the Rhineland hypothesis, European Jews are also expected to exhibit high endogamy, particularly across their Eurasian communities, and be more similar to Middle Eastern populations compared with their neighboring non-Jewish populations, whereas the Khazarian hypothesis predicts the opposite scenario. We emphasize that these hypotheses are not exclusive and that some European Jews may have other ancestries.

Our PC, biogeographical estimation, admixture, IBD, ASD, and uniparental analyses were consistent in depicting a Caucasus ancestry for European Jews. Our first analyses revealed tight genetic relationship of European Jews and Caucasus populations and pinpointed the biogeographical origin of European Jews to the south of Khazaria (figs. 3 and 4). Our later analyses yielded a complex ancestry with a slightly dominant Near Eastern–Caucasus ancestry, large Southern European and Middle Eastern ancestries, and a minor Eastern European contribution; the latter two differentiated Central and Eastern European Jews (figs. 4 and 5 and table 1). Although the Middle Eastern ancestry faded in the ASD and uniparental analyses, the Southern European ancestry was upheld, probably attesting to its later time period (table 1 and fig. 7).

We show that the Khazarian hypothesis offers a comprehensive explanation for the results, including the reported Southern European (Atzmon et al. 2010; Zoossmann-Diskin 2010) and Middle Eastern ancestries (Nebel et al. 2000; Behar

[attachimg=10]

FIG. 7.—Pairwise genetic distances between European Jews and other populations measured across (A) mtDNA and (B) Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies. The values of 1  dxy are color coded in a heat map with darker colors indicating higher haplogroup similarity with European Jews.

et al. 2010). By contrast, the Rhineland hypothesis could not explain the large Caucasus component in European Jews, which is rare in non-Caucasus populations (fig. 5), and the large IBD regions shared between European Jews and Caucasus populations attesting to their common and recent origins. Our findings thus reject the Rhineland hypothesis and uphold the thesis that Eastern European Jews are Judeo– Khazars in origin. Consequently, we can conclude that the conceptualization of European Jews as a "population isolate," which is derived from the Rhineland hypothesis, is incorrect and most likely reflects sampling bias in the lack of Caucasus non-Jewish populations in comparative analyses.

A major difficulty with the Rhineland hypothesis, in addition to the lack of historical and anthropological evidence to the multimigration waves from Palestine to Europe (Straten 2003; Sand 2009), is to explain the vast population expansion of Eastern European Jews from fifty thousand (15th century) to eight million (20th century). The annual growth rate that accounts for this population expansion was estimated at 1.7–2%, one order of magnitude larger than that of Eastern European non-Jews in the 15th–17th centuries, prior to the industrial revolution (Straten 2007). This growth could not possibly be the product of natural population expansion, particularly one subjected to severe economic restrictions, slavery, assimilation, the Black Death and other plagues, forced and voluntary conversions, persecutions, kidnappings, rapes, exiles, wars, massacres, and pogroms (Koestler 1976; Straten 2003; Sand 2009). Because such an unnatural growth rate, over half a millennium and affecting only Jews residing in Eastern Europe, is implausible—it is explained by a miracle (Atzmon et al. 2010; Ostrer 2012). Unfortunately, this divine intervention explanation poses a new kind of problem—it is not science. The question of how the Rhineland hypothesis, so deeply rooted in supernatural reasoning, became the dominant scientific narrative is debated among scholars (Sand 2009).

The most parsimonious explanation for our findings is that Eastern European Jews are of Judeo–Khazarian ancestry forged over many centuries in the Caucasus. Jewish presence in the Caucasus and later Khazaria was recorded as early as the late centuries BCE and reinforced due to the increase in trade along the Silk Road (fig. 1), the decline of Judah (1st–7th centuries), and the uprise of Christianity and Islam (Polak 1951). Greco–Roman and Mesopotamian Jews gravitating toward Khazaria were also common in the early centuries and their migrations were intensified following the Khazars' conversion to Judaism (Polak 1951; Brook 2006; Sand 2009).

The eastward male-driven migrations (fig. 7) from Europe to Khazaria solidified the exotic Southern European ancestry in the Khazarian gene pool (fig. 5), and increased the genetic heterogeneity of the Judeo–Khazars. The religious conversion of the Khazars encompassedmost of the empire's citizens and subordinate tribes and lasted for the next 400 years (Polak 1951; Baron 1993) until the invasion of the Mongols (Polak 1951; Dinur 1961; Brook 2006). At the final collapse of their empire (13th century), many of the Judeo–Khazars fled to Eastern Europe and later migrated to Central Europe and admixed with the neighboring populations.

Historical and archeological findings shed light on the demographic events following the Khazars' conversion. During the half millennium of their existence (740–1250 CE), the Judeo–Khazars sent offshoots into the Slavic lands, such as Romania and Hungary (Baron 1993), planting the seeds of a great Jewish community to later rise in the Khazarian diaspora. We hypothesize that the settlement of Judeo–Khazars in Eastern Europe was achieved by serial founding events, whereby populations expanded from the Caucasus into Eastern and Central Europe by successive splits, with daughter populations expanding to new territories following changes in socio-political conditions (Gilbert 1993). These events may have contributed to the higher homogeneity observed in Jewish communities outside Khazaria's borders (table 1).

After the decline of their empire, the Judeo–Khazars refugees sought shelter in the emerging Polish kingdom and other Eastern European communities where their expertise in economics, finances, and politics was valued. Prior to their exodus, the Judeo–Khazar population was estimated to be half a million in size, the same as the number of Jews in the Polish–Lithuanian kingdom four centuries later (Polak 1951; Koestler 1976). Some Judeo–Khazars were left behind, mainly in the Crimea and the Caucasus, where they formed Jewish enclaves surviving into modern times. One of the dynasties of Jewish princes ruled in the 15th century under the tutelage of the Genovese Republic and later of the Crimean Tartars. Another vestige of the Khazar nation is the "Mountain Jews" in the North Eastern Caucasus (Koestler 1976).

The remarkable close proximity of European Jews and populations residing on the opposite ends of ancient Khazaria, such as Armenians, Georgians, Azerbaijani Jews, and Druze (fig. 3 and supplementary figs. S2, S3, and S5, Supplementary Material online), supports a common Near Eastern–Caucasus ancestry. These findings are not explained by the Rhineland hypothesis and are staggering due to the uneven demographic processes these populations have experienced in the past eight centuries. The slightly higher observed genetic similarity between European Jews and Armenians compared with Georgians (figs. 4 and supplementary figs. S5–6, Supplementary Material online and table 1) is particularly bewildering because Armenians and Georgians are very similar populations that share a similar genetic background (Schonberg et al. 2011) and long history of cultural relations (Payaslian 2007). We speculate that there is a small Middle Eastern ancestry in Armenians that does not exist in Georgians and is likely responsible for the high genetic similarity between Armenians and European Jews (supplementary fig. S6, Supplementary Material online). Because the Khazars blocked the Arab approach to the Caucasus, we suspect that this ancestry was introduced by the Judeans arriving at a very early date to Armenia and was absorbed into the populations, whereas Judeans arriving to Georgia avoided assimilation (Shapira 2007). The relatedness between European Jews and Druze reported here and in the literature (Behar et al. 2010) is explained by Druze Turkish–Southern Caucasus origins. Druze migrated to Syria, Lebanon, and eventually to Palestine between the 11th and 13th centuries during the Crusades, a time when the Jewish population in Palestine was at a minimum. The genetic similarity between European Jews and Druze therefore supports the Khazarian hypothesis and should not be confused with a Semitic origin, which can be easily distinguished from the non-Semitic origin (fig. 5). We emphasize that testing the Middle Eastern origin of European Jews can only be done with indigenous Middle Eastern groups. Overall, the similarity between European Jews and Caucasus populations underscores the genetic continuity that exists among Eurasian Jewish and non-Jewish Caucasus populations.

This genetic continuity is not surprising. The Caucasus gene pool proliferated from the Near Eastern pool due to an Upper Paleolithic (or Neolithic) migration and was shaped by significant genetic drift, due to relative isolation in the extremely mountainous landscape (Balanovsky et al. 2011; Pagani et al. 2011). Caucasus populations are therefore expected to be genetically distinct from Southern European and Middle Eastern populations (fig. 5) but to share certain genetic similarity with Near Eastern populations such as Turks, Iranians, and Druze. In all our analyses, Middle Eastern samples clustered together or exhibited high similarity along a geographical gradient (fig. 3) and were distinguished from Arabian Peninsula Arab samples on one hand and from Near Eastern–Caucasus samples on the other hand.

Our study attempts to shed light on the forgotten Khazars and elucidate some of the most fascinating questions of their history. Although the Khazars' conversion to Judaism is not in dispute, there are questions as to how widespread and established the new religion became. Despite the limited sample size of European Jews, they represent members from the major residential Jewish countries (i.e., Poland and Germany) and exhibit very similar trends. Our findings support a largescalemigration from South–Central Europe and Mesopotamia to Khazaria that reshaped the genetic structure of the Khazars and other Caucasus populations in the central and upper Caucasus. Our findings also support a large-scale conversion followed by admixture of the newcomers with the Judeo– Khazars. Another intriguing question touches upon the origins of the Khazars, speculated to be Turk, Tartar, or Mongol (Brook 2006). As expected from their common origin, Caucasus populations exhibit high genetic similarity to Iranian and Turks with mild Eastern Asian ancestry (fig. 5 and supplementary fig. S6, Supplementary Material online). However, we found a weak patrilineal Turkic contribution compared with Caucasus and Eastern European contributions (fig. 7). Our findings thus support the identification of Turks as the Khazars' ancestors but not necessarily the predominant ancestors. Given their geographical position, it is likely the Khazarian gene pool was also influenced by Eastern European populations that are not represented in our data set.

Our results fit with evidence from a wide range of fields. Linguistic findings depict Eastern European Jews as descended from a minority of Israelite–Palestinian Jewish emigrants who intermarried with a larger heterogeneous population of converts to Judaism from the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Germano–Sorb lands (Wexler 1993). Yiddish, the language of Central and Eastern European Jews, began as a Slavic language that was relexified to High German at an early date (Wexler 1993). Our findings are also in agreement with archeological, historical, linguistic, and anthropological studies (Polak 1951; Patai and Patai 1975; Wexler 1993; Brook 2006; Kopelman et al. 2009; Sand 2009) and reconcile contradicting genetic findings observed in uniparental and biparental genome data. The conclusions of the latest genome-wide studies (Atzmon et al. 2010; Behar et al. 2010) that European Jews had a single Middle Eastern origin are incomplete as neither study tested the Khazarian hypothesis, to the extent done here. Finally, our findings confirm both oral narratives and the canonical Jewish literature describing the Khazars' conversion to Judaism (e.g., "Sefer ha-Kabbalah" by Abraham ben Daud [1161 CE], and "The Khazars" by Rabbi Jehudah Halevi [1140 CE]) (Polak 1951; Koestler 1976).

Although medical studies were not conducted using Caucasus and Near Eastern populations to the same extent as with European Jews, many diseases found in European Jews are also found in their ancestral groups in the Caucasus (e.g., cystic fibrosis and a-thalassemia), the Near East (e.g., factor XI deficiency, type II), and Southern Europe (e.g., nonsyndromic recessive deafness) (Ostrer 2001), attesting to their complex multiorigins.

Because our study is the first to directly contrast the Rhineland and Khazarian hypotheses, a caution is warranted in interpreting some of our results due to small sample sizes and availability of surrogate populations. To test the Khazarian hypothesis, we used a crude model for the Khazars' population structure. Our admixture analysis suggests that certain ancestral elements in the Caucasus genetic pool may have been unique to the Khazars. Therefore, using few contemporary Caucasus populations as surrogates may capture only certain shades of the Khazarian genetic spectrum. Further studies are necessary to test the magnitude of the Judeo–Khazar demographic contribution to the presence of Jews in Europe (Polak 1951; Dinur 1961; Koestler 1976; Baron 1993; Brook 2006). These studies may yield a more complex demographic model than the one tested here and illuminate the complex population structure of Caucasus populations. Irrespective of these limitations, our results were robust across diverse types of analyses, and we hope that they will provide new perspectives for genetic, disease, medical, and anthropological studies.

Conclusions

We compared two genetic models for European Jewish ancestry depicting a mixed Khazarian–European–Middle Eastern and sole Middle Eastern origins. Contemporary populations were used as surrogates to the ancient Khazars and Judeans, and their relatedness to European Jews was compared over a comprehensive set of genetic analyses. Our findings support the Khazarian hypothesis depictinga large Near Eastern–Caucasus ancestry along with Southern European, Middle Eastern, and Eastern European ancestries, in agreement with recent studies and oral and written traditions. We conclude that the genome of European Jews is a tapestry of ancient populations including Judaized Khazars, Greco–Roman Jews, Mesopotamian Jews, and Judeans and that their population structure was formed in the Caucasus and the banks of the Volga with roots stretching to Canaan and the banks of the Jordan.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary notes S1 and S2, figures S1–S6, and tables S1–S7 are available at Genome Biology and Evolution online (http://www.gbe.oxfordjournals.org/).

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Brian and Sharon Browning for their help with the IBD analysis and to his colleagues for their valuable comments. He thanks the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.

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Edit: Grunnet formateringsproblemer, havner linker til diverse kilder i et eget innlegg.

[Jostemikk]

Linker til forrige innlegg:

http://eelhaik.aravindachakravartilab.org/

http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/1/61

http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/1/61.full.pdf

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarer

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarki

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonentine/2013/05/16/israeli-researcher-challenges-jewish-dna-links-to-israel-calls-those-who-disagree-nazi-sympathizers/

[Jostemikk]

Da dagens askenasiske jøder ble til en gjeng sionister/bankoligarker/historieforfalskere av halvmongolsk avstamming, også kalt khazarer

Del 2

Del 1 presenterte genforskningen om temaet. Det finnes ikke jødiske gener i dagens askenasi-jøder. Denne delen, del 2, viser via historieforskning at dette stemmer, for det finnes intet jødisk folk. Det finnes kun en religion.

Historieprofessor Shlomo Sand ved universitetet i Tel Aviv: Det jødiske folket er en oppfinnelse

Professor sand, født i Østerrike i 1946, er nå Israelsk statsborger og ansatt på universitetet i Tel Aviv. I 2009 kom han ut med boka The Invention of the Jewish People, som lå 19 uker på bestselgertoppen i Israel.

[attachimg=1]

Før jeg går videre med innlegget er det på sin plass med noen forklaringer om årsaken til at jeg presenterer dette stoffet.

Jeg er ikke ute etter å rakke ned på et folk, og det ligger da også i sakens natur når man ser konklusjonene forskerne presenterer om dette temaet. De jeg derimot er ute etter å rette et meget kritisk søkelys mot, er de Talmud-kabbalistiske bankoligarkene Rothschilds fullstendige verdensdominans, en dominans som ble forsterket gjennom etableringen av sionismen på møtet i Basel, Sveits 29. august til 31. august 1897, kalt Sionistkongressen. Her dannet askenasi-jødene under ledelse av Theodor Herzl, det som siden har gått under navnet Zionist Organization (ZO).

Hovedhensikten med dannelsen av sionismen var å danne en egen jødisk nasjon i Palestina, og gjennom Rothschild-dynastiets voldsomme makt fikk de i 1917 denne lovnaden fra den britiske utenriksministeren James Balfour:

The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.

His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.

Sionistene kjørte en knallhard kampanje i både Europa og USA i hele perioden etter dannelsen av ZO og fram til utbruddet av 2. verdenskrig. Kampanjen var ene og alene rettet mot Tyskland, og jeg har vanskelig for å forstå at noen nasjon har blitt demonisert slik Tyskland ble det i disse ca. 40 årene. En ting var den britiske regjeringens velsignelse og lovnad om territorium for den nye nasjonen. Noe ganske annet var å få verdenssamfunnets godkjennelse, en verden som forøvrig var uvitende om lovnaden fra utenriksminister Balfour.

For å klare å gjennomføre planen var askenasi-sionistene avhengige av to ting. De måtte spille på menneskers medfølelse, noe de klarte gjennom å produsere en to tusenårig lidelseshistorie, en lidelseshistorie som genforskerne og historikerne har dokumentert som falsk. Dernest måtte de finne en plan for å få fylt opp den nye nasjonen med askenasiske innbyggere for blant annet å gjøre landet militært stridsdyktig. De sionistiske lederne var fullstendig klar over at de i første rekke muslimske nasjonene og den arabiske befolkningen i Midtøsten ikke ville legge seg flatt for inntrengerne.

Dette er et meget omfattende stoff, og altfor tid- og plasskrevende til å få plass i dette innlegget. Derfor vil jeg komme tilbake til dette i et senere innlegg. Et av hovedpoengene da vil være at sionist-kabbalistene aldri har tatt fem flate øre for å påføre sitt eget "folk" de samme lidelser de har påført resten av verdens befolkning. Vi snakker om en hensynsløshet og fullstendig mangel på empati verden aldri har sett maken til. Heldigvis finnes mengder av tilhengere av den jødiske tro som er fullstendig på det rene med sionistenes rolle, og som i mange tiår har forsøkt gjøre verden oppmerksomme på galskapen.

[attachimg=2]

Vi ser altså at Torah-judaismen, i det minste ifølge mange av demonstrantene, fornekter sionismen. Mon tro om de også fornekter Talmud? Det er ikke med lett hjerte jeg presenterer dette stoffet, men etter nøye og svært lang overveielse har jeg kommet til at det er best at alle lærer litt om hvor vanvittig rasistiske og fullstendig manglende medmenneskelighet de Talmud-tro sionist-askenasiene i virkeligheten er. Jeg advarer om at Talmud-sitatene under er sterk kost, og gjør oppmerksom på at det er frivillig om man ønsker lese dem. De har bare forakt til overs for de de kaller uverdige og umenneskelige slaver, eller goyim og gentile. Dette er en svært kort utdrag av en mengde sitater som sto i et innlegg på VGD, men som nå dessverre er slettet. Hvert eneste sitat hadde opprinnelig link til kilden.

Jøder skal kalles mennesker. Verdens folk skal ikke kalles mennesker men kveg
(Baba Bathra 114b)

Skjønt verdens folk i det ytre ligner jødene, så er de bare aper sammenlignet med mennesker (dvs. jødene)
(Schene luchot haberith 250b)

Det er tillatt for jøder å gå til akum(ikke-jøder), lede dem, gjøre forretninger med dem, snyte dem og ta pengene deres. For akums (ikke-jøders) rikdom er å betrakte som fri eiendom og tilhører den første (jøde) som får tak i den

Jøden er den levende Gud, Guds inkarnasjon; han er det himmelske menneske, andre er jordiske, av mindreverdige raser. De eksisterer bare for å tjene Jøden. De er av kvegætt.
(Kabbala)

Redd ikke en gojim (ikke-jøde) som er i dødsfare
(Hilkkoth Akum XI)

Å myrde gojim (ikke-jøder) er som å drepe ville dyr
(Sanhedrin 59a)

Selv de beste blant gojim (ikke-jøder) bør bli drept
(Abodah Zara 26b)

En gojim (ikke-jøde) som snuser, trenger inn i loven (Talmud), er skyldig med sitt liv
(Sanhedrin 59a)

Å meddele noe til en gojim om våre religiøse affærer vil være det samme som å drepe alle jøder, for hvis gojim visste hva vi lærer om dem, ville de drepe oss åpenlyst
(Libbre David 37)

Utryddelse av de kristne er et nødvendig offer
(Zohar, Shemoth)

Tradisjonen forteller oss at de beste blant gojim (ikke-jøder) fortjener døden
(Ibid. Vaikra Rabba 14b)

Psalmisten sammenlikner akum (ikke-jøder) med urene dyr i skogen
(Kethuboth 110b)

Det seksuelle samværet mellom gojim er som mellom dyr
(Sanhedrin 74b, Tosepoth)

Enhver som utgyter hedningers (kristnes) blod er like akseptabelt for Gud som den som bringer et offer
(Ialkut Simoni 245c.n.772)

En jøde kan skjende en ikke-jødisk pike når hun har fylt 3 år og 1 dag
(Aboda sarah 37a)

Seksuelt samkvem med døde slektninger er tillatt uansett om hun eller han var enslig eller gift
(Yebhamoth 55b)

Har en voksen mann seksuelt samkvem med en liten pike er det ikke noe å bry seg om, for hvis piken er mindre enn 3 år gammel er det som om man stikker fingeren i øyet;- tårene kommer i øynene igjen og igjen:- og slik kommer jomfruligheten tilbake hos den lille piken under 3 år
(Kethuboth 11b)

Tilbake til historien om hvordan det jødiske folk ble oppfunnet

Under følger en del sitater fra Shlomo Sands bok, samt noen kommentarer og et intervju med professoren.

Preface to the English-Language Edition

This book was originally written in Hebrew. My mother tongue is actually Yiddish, but Hebrew has remained the language of my imagination, probably of my dreams and certainly of my writing. I chose to publish the book in Israel because initially my intended readers were Israelis, both those who see themselves as Jews and those who are defined as Arabs. My reason was simple enough: I live in Tel Aviv, where I teach history.

When the book first appeared in early 2008, its reception was somewhat odd. The electronic media were intensely curious, and I was invited to take part in many television and radio programs. Journalists, too, turned their attention to my study, mostly in a favorable way. By contrast, representatives of the "authorized" body of historians fell on the book with academic fury, and excitable bloggers depicted me as an enemy of the people. Perhaps it was this contrast that prompted the readers to indulge me—the book stayed on the bestseller list for nineteen weeks.

...

Furthermore, the tight grip of the national myths has long been loosened. A younger generation of journalists and critics no longer echoes its parents' collectivist ethos, and searches for the social models cultivated in London and New York. Globalization has sunk its aggressive talons into the cultural arenas even of Israel and has, in the process, undermined the legends that nurtured the "builders' generation." An intellectual current known as post- Zionism is now found, though marginally, in various academic institutions, and has produced unfamiliar pictures of the past. Sociologists, archaeologists, geographers, political scientists, philologists, and even filmmakers have been challenging the fundamental terms of the dominant nationalism.

But this stream of information and insights has not reached the plateau on which resides a certain discipline, called "The History of the Israelite People" in Hebrew academies. These institutions have no departments of history as such, but rather departments of general history—such as the one I belong to—and separate departments of Jewish (Israelite) history. It goes without saying that my harshest critics come from the latter. Aside from rioting minor errors, they chiefly complained that I had no business discussing Jewish historiography because my area of expertise is Western Europe. Such criticism was not leveled against other general historians who tackled Jewish history, provided they did not deviate from the dominant thinking. "The Jewish people," "the ancestral land," "exile," "diaspora," "aliyah," "Eretz Israel," "land of redemption" and so forth are key terms in all reconstructions within Israel of the national past, and the refusal to employ them is seen as heretical.

I was aware of all this before I began writing this book. I expected my attackers to claim that I lacked a proper knowledge of Jewish history, did not understand the historical uniqueness of the Jewish people, was blind to its biblical origin, and denied its eternal unity. But it seemed to me that to spend my life at Tel Aviv University amid its vast collection of volumes and documents about Jewish history without taking time to read and tackle them would have been a betrayal of my profession.

I dette forordet til den engelske oversettelsen av boken ser vi forfatteren nevne ting vi svært enkelt vil gjenkjenne fra klimadebatten. Personangrep, henvisning til andre forskere med (religiøst) korrekt virkelighetsoppfatning, og unison fordømmelse fra konsensus. Det er slett ikke uten grunn at vi finner igjen samme type ikke-argumenterende metoder for "debatt" også i klimasaken. En tid tilbake skrev et av våre medlemmer følgende:

Ross McKitrick har sagt noe om "incestuøse trekk" i miljøet rundt Klimapanelet - kan de være i slekt?

Tenk å være så nære svaret, men allikevel så fjernt fra løsningen. Det neste logiske skritt ville jo være å undersøke hvorfor det ser ut til å være incestuøse trekk ved svært mange av de mest alarmistiske og kjente klimaforskerne. Kanskje noen av dere tar på dere oppgaven, slik at jeg slipper? Det er en enkel jobb, men jeg antar at den som finner svaret vil kvie seg for å presentere det.

Legg spesielt merke til en ting Sand skriver. Han ser på det som sin yrkesmessige plikt å lete fram og presentere fakta. Tilbake til boken:

Admittedly, the disparity between what my research suggested about the history of the Jewish people and the way that history is commonly understood— not only within Israel but in the larger world—shocked me as much as it shocked my readers. Generally speaking, educational systems teach you to begin writing after you have finished your thinking—meaning that you should know your conclusion before you start writing (that was how I obtained my doctoral degree). But now I found myself being shaken repeatedly as I worked on the composition. The moment I began to apply the methods of Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson and others, who instigated a conceptual revolution in the field of national history, the materials I encountered in my research were illuminated by insights that led me in unexpected directions.

Hvor sjokkert forfatteren enn var over det han fant, bør det bemerkes at svært mange historikere i århundrer har pekt på mange av hans funn. Problemet er behandlingen disse tidligere forskerne har blitt utsatt for av svært mektige, lobbyistiske krefter. Det er disse historieforfalskende kreftene jeg har forsøkt peke på gjennom hele denne tråden, selv om jeg ikke har nevnt dem i særlig klartekst. Når jeg flere ganger på andre steder på forumet har forsøkt gjøre oppmerksom på at svært mye av det vi er lært er sannhet, i realiteten er løgn, og at alt vi er fortalt er løgn, i realiteten er sannhet, har jeg virkelig ment det. Bokstavelig. Av samme grunn har jeg oppfordret leserne til å bruke to uker på, om ikke annet for eksperimentets skyld, å snu 100 % opp-ned på alt dere blir servert av nyheter fra MSM. Enkelt og greit for å se om dette gjør ting enklere å forstå. Min oppfordring er like gjeldende nå som første gang jeg kom med den.

...

Unfortunately, few of my colleagues—the teachers of history in Israel— feel it their duty to undertake the dangerous pedagogical mission of exposing conventional lies about the past. I could not have gone on living in Israel without writing this book. I don't think books can change the world, but when the world begins to change, it searches for different books. I may be naive, but it is my hope that the present work will be one of them. Tel Aviv, 2009

Dette er en knallhard beskyldning om akademisk svindel. Det bringer nok en gang tankene til alt vi har lært om aktivistene som kaller seg klimaforskere. Den ene vitenskapsgrenen er ikke noe bedre enn den andre, og jeg nevner igjen at dette har vært et av hovedpoengene mine med denne tråden. Andre tråder jeg har startet også, for den saks skyld. Problemet synes å være at vi blant våre medlemmer har en god del akademikere, og disse vil, som forfatteren skrev i forrige sitat, ikke ta på seg jobben med å innrømme å ha vært del av fullstendig råtten yrkesetikk. Dermed dukker årsaken opp til at jeg har skrevet så mye om kognitiv dissonans og blind autoritetstro. Hvor utrygg grunn akademikere og andre befinner seg på når det gjelder den gruppetenkingen de er en del av.

Forfatteren peker på flere årsaker til at virkeligheten blir forvrengt og tilbakeholdt for folk flest, og sitatet under peker på hvordan dette har blitt brukt i årtusener for å opprettholde maktbalansen mellom leg og lærd, eller som i sitatet, prest og dommer mot folket (bøndene):

As stated earlier, before the invention of printing, court scribes and priests did not have the means of communication to reach the masses, nor did they need them. The divine right of royalty conveyed ideological legitimacy primarily to the administrative circles and landed aristocracy, and these groups controlled the territory. It is true that the religious elite slowly began its effort to reach the generality, namely, the peasant population, but it also avoided close contact with it. Gellner gives a good description of the intellectual mechanism in agricultural societies:

The tendency of liturgical languages to become distinct from the vernacular is very strong: it is as if literacy alone did not create enough of a barrier between cleric and layman, as if the chasm between them had to be deepened, by making the language not merely recorded in an inaccessible script, but also incomprehensible when articulated.

Dermed er vi inne på årsaken til at jeg tidligere har nevnt at vi bør være oppmerksomme på at vi alle lever i en virtuell virkelighet. Jeg anbefaler alle å se filmen The Matrix for å forstå hva jeg mener, men gjør oppmerksom på at denne viser den ekstreme utgaven. Det finnes mange måter å skape "sannheter" på for folket/bøndene/stemmekveget, og hvordan en best kan gjøre dette har vært viktig kunnskap for oligarkene siden tidenes (sivilisasjonens) morgen.

Forfatteren peker på mengder av utelatelser fra forskjellige historikere opp gjennom tidene når det gjelder å sitere fra den jødiske historien. Årsaken, skriver han, er at det ikke fantes noen nedskrevet jødisk historie om de relevante sidene som boken handler om. Dette til tross, hadde sionistene propagandaen klar allerede fra første stund. Jødenes lidelse var nær uendelig etter at de ble kastet ut av eget land for to tusen år siden. I kapittel 3 åpner han med dette:

CHAPTER THREE

The Invention of the Exile: Proselytism and Conversion

After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.
—The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, 1948

As a result of the historic catastrophe in which Titus of Rome destroyed Jerusalem and Israel was exiled from its land, I was born in one of the cities of the Exile. But always I regarded myself as one who was born in Jerusalem.
—S. I. Agnon, accepting the Nobel Prize for Literature, 1966

Her ser vi at sionistene (de askenasisk-jødiske myndighetene) har benyttet noe de var helt avhengige av for at staten Israel i det hele tatt skulle ha livets rett, jødenes historiskreligiøse krav på landområdet. Deretter ser vi en representant for akademia som følger opp med statsønsket propaganda i samme gate. Vi ser det her i Norge nå, gjør vi ikke? Hvordan politikerne med Gro Harlem i spissen gikk ut og opprettet Grid Arendal og CICERO Oslo med det for øyet å legitimere klimaalarmismen, før forskerne tilknyttet disse og andre vitenskapelige miljøer har fulgt opp med det de har visst har vært forventet av dem, forskning som støtter opp under politikernes ønsker. Forskning med det resultat at det sikrer vitenskapernes karrierer og økonomiske framtid, der det å opponere blir sett på som verre enn å banne i kjerka. Det er på denne måten politikerne har fått det som de ville. De skapte en gjeng brødforskere. Jeg gjør oppmerksom på at dette ikke gjelder alle politikere, selv om flertallet ubevisst støtter opp om elendigheten, det florerer med gruppetenking innad i vårt lands politiske partier. De vi skal være spesielt oppmerksomme overfor er de politikerne som deltar i forskjellige utenlandske grupper etablert og styrt av finans-oligarkene. Ja ikke bare politikerne. Det finnes også andre samfunnstopper som deltar i disse møtene. Jeg roper et varsko av full hals når det gjelder disse. Heri ligger selvfølgelig årsaken til alle innleggene jeg har skrevet om Club of Rome, Club de Madrid, Bilderberg, FN, WWF, IMF osv. osv.

Even Israelis who are not familiar with the historic opening passage of their Proclamation of Independence must have held a fifty-shekel note that bears the moving words spoken by S. I. Agnon when he received the Nobel Prize. Just like the authors of the proclamation, and like most of Israel's citizens, the eminent author knew that the "Jewish nation" was exiled after the fall of the Second Temple in 70 CE, then wandered about the world, inspired by the "twothousand- year-long hope ... of being a free people" (in the words of the Israeli national anthem) in its ancient homeland.

Uprooting and deportation are concepts deeply embedded in Jewish tradition in all its forms. But their significance has changed over the history of the religion; they did not always bear the secular meaning with which they came to be imbued in modern times. Jewish monotheism began to take shape among the cultural elites who were forcibly deported after the fall of the kingdom of Judah in the sixth century BCE, and the imagery of exile and wandering already reverberates, directly or metaphorically, in a major part of the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings (the final section of the Old Testament). From the expulsion from Eden, through Abraham's migration to Canaan and Jacob's descent into Egypt, to the prophesies of Zachariah and Daniel, Jewish religion gazed back through a perspective of wanderings, uprootings, and returns. The Torah already stated: "And the Lord shall scatter thee among all people, from one end of the earth even unto the other, and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known" (Deut. 28:64). The fall of the First Temple was asociated with expulsion, and this literary-theological memory helped shape subsequent Jewish religious sensibilities.1

However, a close examination of the historical event that apparently engendered the "second exile" in the year 70 CE, and an analysis of the Hebrew term golah (exile) and its connotation in late Hebrew, indicate that the national historical consciousness was a patchwork of disparate events and traditional elements. Only in this way could it function as an effective myth that provided modern Jews with a pathway to ethnic identity. The ultra-paradigm of deportation was essential for the construction of a longterm memory wherein an imaginary, exiled people-race could be described as the direct descendants of the former "people of the Bible." As we shall see, the myth of uprooting and exile was fostered by the Christian tradition, from which it flowed into Jewish tradition and grew to be the truth engraved in history, both the general and the national.

Slik kan en sannhet bli til. En virtuell sannhet. Jødene hadde ingen tradisjon for noen fordømmelse og utkastelse fra eget land, men ettersom århundrene gikk, fant de støtte i en slik "virkelighet" i kristendommens fordømmelse av jødene. En kristendom som selv støttet seg 100 % på en halvpart gammeltestamente, og en halvpart nytestamente, og disse igjen var revidert til ugjenkjennelighet av katolikkene med  paven i spissen. Katolikkene og pavene må igjen ha hentet inspirasjon i både Talmud og Kabbalisme ettersom århundrene gikk, for kjenner vi ikke igjen nettopp menneskeforakten og synet på sex med barn i de utallige skandalene der prester og biskoper og øvrige geistlige har deltatt i de reneste orgier med barnesex opp gjennom historien?

THE "PEOPLE" EXILED IN 70 CE

It must first of all be emphasized that the Romans never deported entire peoples. We might add that neither did the Assyrians and Babylonians move entire populations from the countries they conquered. It did not pay to uproot the people of the land, the cultivators of produce, the taxpayers. But even the efficient policy of deportation practiced by the Assyrian, and later the Babylonian, empire—in which whole sections of local administrative and cultural elites were deported—was not followed by the Roman Empire. Here and there in the western Mediterranean countries, local farming communities were displaced to make room for the settling of Roman soldiers, but this exceptional policy was not applied in the Near East. Roman rulers could be utterly ruthless in suppressing rebellious subject populations: they executed fighters, took captives and sold them into slavery, and sometimes exiled kings and princes. But they definitely did not deport whole populations in the countries they conquered in the East, nor did they have the means to do so.

Flavius Josephus, the historian of the Zealot revolt in the year 66 CE, is almost the only source for this exile, aside from archaeological findings dating to that time. His book Wars of the Jews describes the tragic outcome of that period's conflict. The devastation did not spread throughout the kingdom of Judea, but affected mainly Jerusalem and a number of other fortified cities. Josephus estimated that 1.1 million people died in the siege of Jerusalem and the great massacre that followed, that 97,000 were taken captive, and that a few thousand more were killed in other cities.

Like all ancient historians, Josephus tended to exaggerate his numbers. Today most scholars believe that virtually all demographic figures from antiquity are overstated, and that a good many have numerological significance. Josephus does state that a large number of pilgrims had gathered in Jerusalem before the uprising, but the assumption that more than a million people were killed there is not credible. The population of the city of Rome at the height of the empire in the second century CE might have approached the size of a medium modern conurbation, but there was no such metropolis in the little kingdom of Judea. A cautious estimate suggests that Jerusalem at that time could have had a population of sixty thousand to seventy thousand inhabitants.

Dette er et meget viktig avsnitt av boka. Forfatteren peker på utidige overdrivelser når det gjelder jødenes lidelser generelt i denne boka, og her antallet drepte og utviste fra Jerusalem spesielt, men er dette noe enestående? Ser vi ikke nøyaktig samme overdrivelser også når det gjelder den mer moderne lidelseshistorien til jødene? Først siterer jeg noe fra en annen tråd:

Her er et eksempel som viser befolkningsutviklingen fra 1933 til 1948.

1933:



1948:



Dette er skremmende, og et vitnesbyrd over grusomheter det er vanskelig å sette navn på. Vær vennlige å studer tallene nøye. Deretter kan dere på egenhånd søke fram flere opplysninger enn dette ene dokumentet. Det kan dere gjøre her:

http://vault.fbi.gov/

Dr. Heller var formann for sionistene i USA, og denne uttalelsen lagret, kopiert, og senere frigitt av FBI, er fra 1943:

Likheten er slående. Professor Sand skriver at påstanden var 1 million drepte jøder i Jerusalem, en by som på det tidspunktet antas å ha hatt et innbyggertall på ca. 60.000. Ser en på FBI-dokumentet, står det at lederen for USAs sionister på midten av 1943 sa at det var omtrent 2 millioner jøder i det tyskokkuperte Europa, og dette var jo før det historikerne kaller holocaust hadde satt inn i særlig grad. Tyskerne drepte altså 6 millioner av en befolkning på 2 millioner. Ser man på statistikken fra verdensalmanakken, ser det enda mer åpenbart ut at overdrivelsene var enorme. Der vi ser at den kristne delen av jordas befolkning var redusert med ca. 100 millioner i perioden 1933-1948, var jødene den eneste delen av befolkningen som hadde økt i antall. Dette medfører følgende fotokopier fra historiske avisartikler der sionistene bedrev meget sterk propaganda fra og med dannelsen av ZO i Sveits i 1897 helt fram mot utbruddet av 2. verdenskrig.

Legg merke til at alt handler om 6 millioner jøder.

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New York Times, 11. juni 1900:

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New York Times, 1. mai 1920:

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New York Times, 3. mai 1920:

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New York Times, 12. november 1919:

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Angående den siste bemerker jeg at Warburg-familien satt i styret til IG Farben, det samme firmaet som eide fabrikkene i Auschwitz-Birkenau, der også europeisk-jødiske bankeiere, tilsvarende fra USA, og presidentfamilien Bush hadde store økonomiske interesser. Warburgerne var forøvrig pådrivere for opprettelsen av The Federal Reserve, og en av dem satt også i styret sammen med nazistene i Tyske Reichsbank, men dette hører hjemme i et senere innlegg. Her er nok et sitat fra boa til professor Shlomo Sand om overdrivelser:

We also have little information about the second messianic revolt, which shook Judean history in the second century CE. The uprising that broke out in 132 CE, in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, popularly known as the Bar Kokhba revolt, is mentioned briefly by the Roman historian Cassius Dio, and by Eusebius, the bishop of Caesarea and author of Ecclesiastical History. Echoes of the events appear in the Jewish religious texts as well as in archaeological findings. Regrettably, there was no historian of the stature of Josephus at that time, so any reconstruction of events can only be fragmentary. The question arises, was the traditional story of the expulsion due to the traumatic consequences of that revolt? Describing the conclusion of the revolt, Cassius Dio wrote:

Fifty of their most important outposts and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. Five hundred and eighty thousand men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate.

The characteristic exaggeration is plain to see (the figures used by ancient historians always seem to call for the subtraction of a zero), but even this grim report says nothing about deportations.

...

By the end of the second century and beginning of the third, not only had most of the farming population recovered and agricultural production stabilized, but the country's culture attained what came to be thought of as its golden age in the time of Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi.10 The year 220 CE saw the completion and final arrangement of the six parts of the Mishnah—a far more decisive historical event than the Bar Kokhba revolt in the development of Jewish identity and religion. So what was the origin of the great myth about the exiling of the Jewish people following the destruction of the Temple?

Forfatteren peker her på muligheter for mistolkinger av de få hebraiske skrifter som omhandler temaet, og et komplisert språk kan sammen med de historisk dokumenterte og nærmest inngrodde overdrivelsene, være en delforklaring for en konstruert lidelseshistorie.

Israel Jacob Yuval, a historian at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, went further. He proposed to show that the renewed Jewish myth about the exile in fact arose fairly late, and was due mainly to the rise of Christian mythology about the Jews being exiled in punishment for their rejection and crucifixion of Jesus. It seems that the source of the discourse regarding the anti-Jewish exile lies in the writings of Justin Martyr, who in the mid-second century linked the expulsion of circumcised men from Jerusalem after the Bar Kokhba revolt with divine collective punishment. He was followed by other Christian authors who regarded the presence of Jews outside their sacred land as the punishment and proof of their sins. The myth of exile began to be slowly appropriated and integrated into Jewish tradition.

It was in the Babylonian Talmud, however, that the first statements appear linking the exile with the fall of the Second Temple. A Jewish community had existed in Babylonia continuously since the sixth century BCE, and not even during the powerful Hasmonean kingdom did it ever seek to "return" to Zion. Perhaps, following the destruction of the Second Temple, this gave rise to the narrative linking the fall with renewed exile as an echo of an ancient event, a catastrophe that provided a religious rationale for "weeping by the rivers"— rivers that flowed not very far from Jerusalem.

With the triumph of Christianity in the early fourth century CE, when it became the religion of the empire, Jewish believers in other parts of the world also began to adopt the notion of exile as divine punishment. The connection between uprooting and sin, destruction and exile, became embedded in the various definitions of the Jewish presence around the world. The myth of the Wandering Jew, punished for his transgressions, was rooted in the dialectic of Christian-Jewish hatred that would mark the boundaries of both religions through the following centuries.

Dette var bare noen få sitater fra ei svært omfattende bok om jødisk historie. Jeg kunne selvsagt valgt annet stoff, og ikke minst, lagt ut vesentlig mer. Jeg oppfordrer i stedet de interesserte til å kjøpe Shloms bok og lese dette svært interessante stoffet. Da kan dere lese om et langvarig "kjærlighetsforhold" mellom khazarer og jøder, og om hvordan judaismen spredde seg, ikke ved utdrivelser eller utvandring fra Palestina, men gjennom at andre folk konverterte til jødedommen, og ellers tok til seg av jødenes skikker og sedvaner, hvorav mange var av positiv karakter. Den store jødevandringen foregikk ikke før Romerriket var historie, og det igjen ble mulig å ferdes vestover og nordover. En mengde konverterte khazarer, tyrkere, ukrainere osv. gjennomførte denne vandringen, og dette skrev jeg litt om i forrige innlegg i denne tråden. Husk at khazarene var et nomadefolk, og på den måten har tatt med seg de rotløse tradisjonene til sine forfedre, og gjennom sionist-kabbalismen kan en anta at dette har forsterket den lidelseshistorien sionistene var så avhengig av for å øke egen makt og skaffe seg et landområde for å opprette en egen nasjon.

Jødene har aldri vært et folkeslag. Det har hele tiden vært snakk om mennesker tilknyttet en religion, i dette tilfellet judaismen.

Da jeg flere ganger har nevnt Rothschild, kabbalisme og sionisme sammen, gjør jeg oppmerksom på at det finnes mengder av stoff om deres sionistiske tilknytninger, enkelt tilgjengelig på Internett. Litt mer begrenset er det med stoff om deres kobling til kabbalisme. Kabbalisme er av mange ansett som satanisme, men uten å ta stilling til slike definisjoner, nevner jeg i stedet at foruten å være bærere av eldgammel historisk kunnskap, meget stor kunnskap, har Rothschild-klanen gjennom sitt kupp av svært mange frimurerlosjer, nærmest visket ut forskjellen på frimureri og kabbalisme.

Her er noen representanter for Rothschild-klanen i høvelige kostymer og med like høvelig utsmykking:

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Dette gjør det forhåpentlig enklere å forstå frimurernes oppbygging rundt den klassiske egyptologien. Det er fra den tiden, den perioden, både kristendommen og judaismen er bygget opp. På bildene ser vi et bisart forsøk på å gjøre seg selv til en gudommenlig hermafroditt, som de fleste mener å gjenkjenne når de når innløpet til havna i New York.

Når det gjelder sionismen, er den lite annet enn en trussel mot menneskeheten og verdensfreden, skapt av de rikeste og mektigste mennesker verden har sett, den sionist-marxistisk-kabbalistisk-askenasisk-khazarisk-kapitalistisk-nazistisk-psykopatisk-"jødiske" Rothschild-familien. I tre århundrer har de vært jordas dukkemestre. Det er kanskje på tide å kutte trådene?

Husk at folk er folk, men at sionismen er ondskap. Vi deler alle felles gener, det gjelder også de som ikke liker å tenke på det. Som avslutning vil jeg takke både genforskeren og historikeren jeg har sitert i disse to innleggene. Det krever mot å gå mot strømmen slik de har gjort, og de gir meg i det minste en ørliten tro på en framtid uten de forferdelige åk menneskeheten har levd under så altfor lenge. Minner om at tolkinger, antydninger og påstander gjort av meg i disse to, som alle andre innlegg jeg skriver, står for min regning, og min regning alene.


http://humanities.tau.ac.il/segel/shlomosa/

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1844676234/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1844676234&linkCode=as2&tag=veteranstoday-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbala

https://www.google.no/search?q=jew+against+zionism&client=opera&hs=WEb&channel=suggest&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=2GLNUq61JYa_ywPgsIGABA&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1280&bih=608

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmúd

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/goyim

http://klimaforskning.com/forum/index.php/topic,551.msg10609.html#msg10609

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_dissonans

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppetenkning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_reserve

[Jostemikk]

Ble verdenshistoriens mest effektive politiske vedtak fattet av kongressen i USA i 1876?

Denne historien er det bibelske proporsjoner over, og rent biologisk er det snakk om en av de største gåter vitenskapen har forsøkt tygge på.

I USA på 1800-tallet var en av de største truslene mot jordbruket de enorme svermene med gresshopper av typen Rocky Mountain locust. Så tallrike var disse insektene at de spekuleres i om de var verdens største biomasse, og det sier jo ikke så lite når man tenker på alle antilopeflokkene som finnes, bisonen når den var tallrik, ansjos- og sildestimer osv.

I 1876 fattet kongressen et vedtak om at den var Den største enkelttrusselen mot bosettingen i landet mellom Mississippi og Rocky Mountains. Årsaken var selvsagt at de spiste opp avlingene, og vi kan anta at de religiøse nybyggere og bønder nok slo opp i bibelen og leste om de ti landeplager, i dette tilfellet den åttende landeplagen, gresshoppesvermene beskrevet i Andre Mosebok.

Få år etter vedtaket i kongressen var locusten utryddet. Fullstendig borte, for aldri mer å bli sett. Snakk om effektive politikere.


Bilde fra 1876

http://books.google.no/books?id=swJWsR5CFu0C&printsec=frontcover&hl=no&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_locust

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#8._Plague_of_locusts_.28.D7.90.D6.B7.D7.A8.D6.B0.D7.91.D6.B6.D6.BC.D7.94.29:_Ex._10:1.E2.80.9320

[Jostemikk]

Arthur Koestler - en jødisk prisbelønnet forfatter

I 1972 fikk han æren av å bli til Commander of the Order of the British Empire for sitt forfatterskap. Dette var det nok raskt mange som angret på, for i 1976 ga han ut boka The Thirteenth Tribe, der han skrev at dagens askenasi-jøder ikke var jøder, men khazarer. Han ble slaktet av det askenasi-dominerte akademia, men som mine to foregående innlegg om dette viser, har han nå fått full oppreisning gjennom ny gen- og historieforskning.

Arthur Koestler (født 5. september 1905 i Budapest, død 3. mars 1983 i London) var en ungarskfødt jøde i daværende Østerrike-Ungarn, og ble engelsk forfatter. Han behersket og skrev også på tysk, fransk og jiddisch (og konstruerte et av de første kjente kryssord på jiddisch), og behersket arabisk etter et lengre opphold i Palestina før den annen verdenskrig.

The Thirteenth Tribe (1976) is a book by Arthur Koestler, which advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people. Koestler's hypothesis is that the Khazars (who converted to Judaism in the 8th century) migrated westwards into Eastern Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries when the Khazar Empire was collapsing.

I likhet med de fleste kjente mennesker, og dermed mennesker med makt til å nå ut til folk, gikk det aldeles galt med Koestler. I likhet med den russiske greven som gapte over gassventilen på hotellrommet sitt i New York, for deretter å skru gassen av etter seg etter at han var død, begikk også Koestler selvmord. Ikke bare han. Hans kone fastslo at hun ikke orket leve uten sin ektemann, og 55 år gammel tok hun en overdose medisiner sammen med ham.

In 1983 he and his wife committed suicide at home in London.

Det første "selvmordet" jeg nevnte her på forumet var om Gary Webb, pulitzer-vinneren som er kalt den siste, gravende journalist. Han avslørte at bankene (CIA/sionist-askenasiene) sto for kokainsmuglingen inn i USA. Etter dette ble han "uhyre deprimert", og avsluttet sitt liv med å skyte seg selv to ganger i hodet.

On December 10, 2004, Gary Webb was found dead from two gunshot wounds to the head. Sacramento County coroner Robert Lyons ruled that it was suicide, noting that a suicide note was found at the scene.

Jeg tar også med om den ulykksalige, russiske greven Arthur Cherep-Spiridovich, som like før hadde skrevet ei bok om det han kalte khazarske halvmongolske askenasier med Rothschild-klanen i spissen, og deres bevisste handlinger som førte til den russiske revolusjonen i 1917:

Arthur Cherep-Spiridovich (1858 — 22 October 1926) was a Russian Count who moved to the United States following the Bolshevik Revolution. He was a Tsarist general and white Russian loyalist. He was involved in Pan-Slavism and White Russian activism, including various chivalric orders and cultural organisations, amongst the diaspora community in America. Spiridovich is perhaps best known for authoring a book positing a concise conspiracy consisting of 300 Jewish families entitled "Secret World Government or The Hidden Hand".

Biography

Spiridovitch was President of the Slavonic Society of Russia and of the Latino-Slavic League of Paris and Rome. Politically he was a supporter of the Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and an opponent of Bolshevism.

According to Walter Laqueur:

Count (General) Cherep-Spiridovich had his headquarters in the United States; he was even more obviously a clinical case than some of his colleagues. He introduced himself in his books as 'The Slav Pope', 'The Slav Bismarck','The possessor of the faculty to foresee events'

Walter Laqueur, Russia and Germany (1965), p. 120. Laqueur does not, however, offer any evidence that Cherep-Spiridovich was a "clinical case", nor does he dispute any statements made by the Count in any of his books. He only gives his own opinion of Cherep-Spiridovich.

Arthur Cherep-Spiridovich died in Staten Island, at a hotel, with the Gas Line Pipe, stuck to his mouth-throat, as if to say that he committed suicide. The Police filed that in the only report. However, when the body was discovered at the hotel by the staff, the Gas line was shut off. No autopsy was done. There was no further investigation put into the case... He had a catholic and an orthodox funeral service.

Kanskje greven ville trukket på smilebåndet og nikket anerkjennende over følgende karikaturtegning?


Cartoon by Robert Minor in St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1911). Karl Marx surrounded by an appreciative audience of wall street financiers: John D. Rockerfeller, J. P. Morgan, John D. Ryan of National City Bank, and Morgan Partner George W Perkins. Immediately behind Karl Marx is Teddy Rosevelt, Leader of the Progressive Party. Intro Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Arlington House Publishing 1974.

Jeg minner om at "Karl Marx" egentlig het Levy Mordechai, og var askenasi. Han var bare en av tusener som av strategiske hensyn skiftet navn. I Russland gikk dette så langt at det raskt etter revolusjonen i 1917 ble gjort ulovlig å avsløre de jødiske navnene på kommissærene som kuppet nasjonen.

Det ble sagt at hvis det ikke var for Osama bin Laden, måtte oligarkene ha funnet ham opp. Dette ble senere gjort om og tilpasset klimasaken, da med Michael Mann som var så viktig for skeptikersaken, at hadde han ikke eksistert, måtte vi ha funnet ham opp. Vel, var det ikke for Adolf Hitler, ville askenasi-sionistene med Rothschild-klanen i spissen ha funnet ham opp. Vel, kanskje det var derfor Adolf Hitler var i England på 20-tallet, og at den godeste Adolf var askenasi-jøde? Det bra det finnes israelske mainstream aviser som forteller oss det siste.

According to Mulders, Hitler's dominant haplogroup, E1b1b, is relatively rare in Western Europe - but strongest in some 25 percent of Greeks and Sicilians, who apparently acquired the genes from Africa: Between 50 percent and 80 percent of North Africans share Hitler's dominant group, which is especially prevalent among in the Berber tribes of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and Somalis.

More surprising still, perhaps, is that Hitler's second most dominant haplogroup is the most common in Ashkenazi Jews.

Er det ikke passende? Adolf Hitler var khazar. Khazarene hatet etter sigende alle bofaste mennesker som hadde egen nasjon. Særlig hatet de de menneskene de kalte de "lyse, vakre". Dette hatet gjorde seg groteske utslag i Sovjet, der titalls millioner av de "hviterussiske" ble drept. Et annet poeng er like interessant, og det er hva de "lyse, vakre" opprinnelig var, det vi har blitt kjent med som ariere. De ser ut til å ha spilt en svært viktig rolle som sivilisasjonens vugge-makere, og stammer opprinnelig fra Persia.

The English word "Aryan" is borrowed from the Sanskrit word ārya meaning 'Noble'; but apparently, it was initially used as a national name to designate those who worshipped the Vedic deities (especially Indra) and followed Vedic culture (e.g. performance of sacrifice, Yajna). The Zend airya 'venerable' and Old Persian ariya are also thought to be national names.

Minst like interessant er de religiøse fellestrekkene mellom opprinnelig judaisme og den vediske troen. Askenasien Adolf Hitler ville altså bygge opp et nytt verdenssamfunn der den opprinnelige judaismen/folket skulle spille en ledende rolle. Sannelig kan det virke som om de israelske genetikerne er inne på noe, når det påstår at han var askenasi-jøde. En annen ting er om redaktøren i avisen var helt klar over hva han egentlig røpet da han ga klarsignal for artikkelen?

Og vi nordmenn? Vi har minst like mye genmateriale fra Midtøsten i oss som en hvilken som helst Rothschild. De fleste av oss har sannsynligvis mer. Selv vet jeg at deler av min slekt kom vandrende inn fra øst, og dermed har jeg sannsynligvis både druzeblod og askenasiblod i meg. Jostemikk, den rabiate khazar. Den halvmongolske despot. Må jo være der årsaken til stridslysten ligger.

Er det ikke fælt av vi ble kuppet her til lands av disse svarte kreftene? Jens Christian Hauge (hvorfor heter så mange av dem Jens?) og Haakon Lie var blant de første som lett gjenkjennelig utmerket seg i senere år, men det startet lenge før dem, og deres frø har spiret, grodd, og blitt til en hel avling topper i det norske samfunnet. Minst like fælt er at vi lever i et land der man blir angrepet under full hornmusikk bare man forsøker fortelle uvitende mennesker at de rappet gullbeholdningen vår, og at det er hemmeligstemplet hvem som eier bankene våre, inkludert Norges Bank. Norge, en propagandaødelagt nasjon.

Propaganda betegner i moderne språkforståelse en ensidig fremstilling av informasjon for at mennesker skal ta stilling til en sak på en bestemt måte; ikke egentlig forskjellig fra reklame i sin metode, men som regel knyttet til politiske og/eller religiøse spørsmål.

Les Snorre. Han forteller om våre kazarske forfedre. Thor Heyerdal var blant de som raskt forsto at Snorre kom med viktige opplysninger, noe han selvfølgelig ble hudflettet for.

En avsluttende kommentar.

Det var min mening å bli ferdig med tre forenklinger angående ENSO, atmosfæreeffekten, samt CO2-molekylets kinetiske reaksjoner, men da interessen er null, og denne tråden er en solid dokumentasjon på at friheten til å peke på hvem som står bak både klimasvindler og det meste annet som er fullstendig ondskapsfullt og galt i verdenssamfunnet er mer begrenset i Norge enn nasjonal beskjedenhet etter en Kollenseier, tar jeg meg ei lang pause for å forsøke samle opp litt helse igjen. Forumet er deres.

Og dere, kan dere ikke forsøke forstå konsekvensene av tidligere historiske handlinger for dere selv, i stedet for å lese det oligarkene vil at dere skal tro? Her er en vinteroppgave for alle sannhetssøkere. Lær alt dere kan om da sionistene og Rothschild samarbeidet lykkelige med en SS-offiser i Nazityskland om å sende flest mulige jøder til Palestina under mottoet Til Palestina nazisten drar! Så gjevt syntes de dette samarbeidet var, at de laget en egen minnemynt. Hakekorset på den ene siden, og Davidstjernen på den andre.

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http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Tribe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Webb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cherep-Spiridovich

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Marx

http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/dna-tests-reveal-hitler-s-jewish-and-african-roots-1.309938

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan

http://www.torahveda.org/

http://klimaforskning.com/forum/index.php/topic,1177.msg22168.html#msg22168

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda

[Spiren]

07/02/2014
In this revealing interview, Brien Foerster sheds lights on DNA testing undertaken on one of the Paracas elongated skulls.

                           

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Qsj5QyB1bk

[Jostemikk]

07/02/2014
In this revealing interview, Brien Foerster sheds lights on DNA testing undertaken on one of the Paracas elongated skulls.

                           

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Qsj5QyB1bk

Sakte men sikkert avsløres kunnskap som fram til nå bare har vært forbeholdt de få, Spiren. Jeg vil komme med en solid oppdatering om denne saken hvis og når de kommer med noe håndfast. Fram til nå er det bare påstander angående dette med DNA-testingen. Ikke at det ikke finnes slik allerede, men vi får ta det et skritt av gangen.

Da disse skapningene begynte å dukke opp under tilfeldige utgravinger flere steder i Amerika, også USA, dro representanter for Smithsonian Institute rundt og overtok ansvaret for utgravingene, akkurat som FBI gjør i forbindelse med kriminalsaker. Dermed forsvant alle spor av funnene, og i ettertid nekter de for at utgravingene i det hele tatt fant sted.

Han som startet Smithsonian, James Smithson, var en aldeles udregelig fyr av en spesialavlet frimurer, tett forbundet til losjene i blant annet Frankrike og England, og de var allerede kuppet av kabbalistene og svartemagikerne i bankbransjen. Smithsonian har vært og er en trademark-beskytter av Charles Darwins 1001 Natt.





Mennesket er født med et Må ikke brukes etter-stempel i panna. Bærerne av skallene over gjorde ting med granitt for mange tusen år siden som våre skarpeste hjerner ikke er i stand til å gjenta i dag. Dette skjedde jorda rundt. Senere dukket det opp lokale, om de var egyptere slik vi kjenner dem i dag, eller maya- og inkaindianere på andre siden av havet. Disse primitive menneskene forsøkte etterligne det de fant, og deres usle steinrøyser og "byggverk" avsløres enkelt. De holder stort sett ikke høyere kvalitet enn ei rydderøys eller en litt mer forseggjort steinmur på Jæren.

Denne steinblokka er skåret ut i Libanon, og merkelig nok lærte vi aldri om dette eller tilsvarende på skolen...



I Middelhavsområdet etterlot de seg svært mye "uforklarlig", blant annet denne:



Wikipedia - Antikythera mechanism

[seoto]

Brian Foersters undersøkelser har også skapt interesse på Yahoo! News - UK & Ireland:

Are Paracas Elongated Skulls a New Species, Aliens or a Hoax?

Initial DNA analysis of one of the 3,000-year-old elongated skulls found in Paracas, Peru, has revealed that they may not have been come from humans but from a completely new species, according to Paracas Museum assistant director Brien Foerster.
Foerster, who also runs his own tour group company in Peru and has authored 11 books on ancient history, told Ancient Origins that a geneticist who tested skull samples has found that they contain mutated DNA that does not match any known genetic DNA information in GenBank, an open-access sequence database of all the known genetic data in the world.
The unidentified geneticist told Foerster: "It had mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) with mutations unknown in any human, primate, or animal known so far. But a few fragments I was able to sequence from this sample indicate that if these mutations will hold we are dealing with a new human-like creature, very distant from Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans."
"I am not sure it will even fit into the known evolutionary tree," the geneticist added.

Les resten i Yahoo!-artikkelen.

[Amatør1]

Interview with Brien Foerster: Unravelling the Genetics of Elongated Human Skulls
http://www.youtube.com/v/f3jXqzp716A?hl=en_US&amp;version=3

Bør sees.

[Jostemikk]

Denne korte videosnutten bør en også se.

http://www.youtube.com/v/uaCjZ2Bb4V8


En pre inkakultur sto i følge mainstream forskere med sine steinklubber og hugde disse gigantiske og kompliserte, og ikke minst 100 % nøyaktige steinblokkene, før de fraktet dem over ei mil fra steinbruddet.

I mange innlegg har jeg hatt som hensikt å gjøre leserne oppmerksomme på at det ikke bare er mainstream klimaforskning som er aldeles på trynet. Det er tvert i mot, for jo mer man sammenligner mainstream klimaforskning med annen forskning, jo bedre står klimaforskerne seg. Og det er trist, for klimaforskerne har oppført seg som en gjeng med halvkriminelle dårer.

Som allerede nevnt et par ganger, så har det aldri fantes murere som har stått friere.

Steinbrudd fra andre områder i Sør-Amerika:

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Steinkunst, og hatten av for den primitive kulturen som hogg ut dette med håndkraft og steinklubber. Nå forstår jeg hvorfor de kaller det steinalderen...

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Problemet med alt dette er at vi er frastjålet denne planetens historie. Vi er frastjålet historien om vår egen rase. De som har stått for forbrytelsen er de samme jeg har forsøkt å fortelle om i stadig flere innlegg her på forumet.

Visste dere for eksempel at flere innfødte stammer i Nord- og Sør-Amerika messet jødiske bønnevers på hebraisk da europeerne gjeninntok det amerikanske kontinentet? Dette er kunnskap som har vært kjent i 500 år, og jeg har et håp om at flere vil begynne å spørre seg selv om hvorfor vi ikke lærte om dette på skolen/utdanningen.

Jeg håper klare avsløre så mye av dette som mulig i tiden som kommer. Fram til det eventuelt skjer vil jeg bli veldig glad hvis andre finner motivasjon og tid til å bidra litt med å ta tilbake vårt rettmessige eie. Vår historie er nettopp det. Vår. Ikke noe et klandestint og uhyre mektig miljø kan skalte og valte med som de vil for å undertrykke oss. Jeg kan forsikre dere om at det i Sør-Amerika bare er en liten del av det hele.